Purpose-The primary purpose of this study was to determine differences in key characteristics between adolescents with type 1 diabetes who experienced the adverse outcomes of poor glycemic control, hypoglycemic events, and hospitalizations due to their disease versus those who do not experience such events. A secondary purpose was to examine differences in outcomes for adolescents using insulin pumps versus daily insulin injections (≥ 2).Methods-Data from 108 adolescents were divided according to glycemic control (HbA 1c <8% vs. ≥8%), hypoglycemic reactions and hospitalizations in the past year (0 vs. ≥ 1 episode of each), and pump versus injection delivery of insulin. The following variables were compared within each grouping: body mass index (BMI) insulin dose, caloric intake, parental educational level, marital status, annual family income, race, and gender. HbA 1c was examined in relation to the number of hypoglycemic reactions and hospitalizations in the past year, as well as for any differences between those receiving insulin via pump therapy versus daily injections (≥ 2).

Introduction-Limited clinical and research data are available on early renal and cardiovascular complications in youth with diabetes. The possible associations of elevated microalbuminuria to creatinine (MC) ratios with heart rate variability (HRV) were explored in adolescents with type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 (T2DM) diabetes.

Background Women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) have an elevated fracture risk. We therefore compared the associations of health behaviors and clinical factors with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone remodeling between premenopausal women with and without T1DM to inform potential interventions. Methods Participants included women with T1DM (n=89) from the Wisconsin Diabetes Registry Study and age- and race-matched controls without diabetes (n=76). Peripheral (heel, forearm) and central (hip, spine) BMD, markers of bone resorption and formation, bone cell signaling, glycemic control, and kidney function were assessed. Health behaviors and medical history were self-reported. Results In controls, but not in women with T1DM, older age was associated with lower bone resorption (p≤0.006) and formation (p=0.0007). Body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with heel and forearm BMD in both controls and T1DM women (all p<0.0001), but with hip and spine BMD only in controls (p≤0.005). Worse glycemic control during the previous 10 years, greater alcohol intake, history of smoking, and lack of physical activity were associated with poorer bone outcomes only in women with T1DM (all p≤0.002); whereas use of hormonal contraceptives was related to low bone formation in both women with and without T1DM (all p≤0.006). Diabetes duration, insulin dose, residual C-peptide, and kidney function were not associated with bone in T1DM. Conclusions Age and BMI may not predict bone health in T1DM women. However modifiable behaviors such as optimizing glycemic control, limiting substance and hormonal contraceptive use, and increasing physical activity may improve bone health in T1DM women.

Objective-The increased incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among youth has prompted the development of guidelines for healthy cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) levels in the pediatric population. It is unclear whether youth with T2D meet these guidelines as previous research has not included type 2 diabetics. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine CRF and PA in youth with T2D and compare these results with recently published normative data for CRF and guidelines for PA in youth.Methods-Forty adolescents (17 males and 23 females) with T2D were assessed for moderateto-vigorous PA via the 7-day PA recall. CRF was determined by a progressive cycle ergometer test and indirect calorimetry. PA levels were compared with recently published guidelines for youth of 60 minutes per day, and CRF data were compared with age-and sex-adjusted normative values from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002.Results-Only 17.6% (3/17) of boys and 21.7% (5/23) of girls met PA guidelines, while none of the participants met criteria for healthy CRF. When compared with normative CRF data for US youth, ~93% of boys and 95% of girls scored below the 10th percentile.Conclusions-These results suggest that youth with T2D exhibit low levels of CRF and the majority do not participate in recommended amounts of PA. Practitioners working with type 2 diabetic youth need to emphasize the importance of regular PA to increase CRF and promote cardiovascular health in an effort to decrease long-term diabetes-related complications.