Women alcoholics have historically been underrepresented in research studies far out of proportion to the difference in male female prevalence rates. This study examined disparities in the ways in which male and female alcoholics have been studied in the treatment outcome literature and examined the role of sex bias (author sex) as a contributing factor. Two hundred fifty-nine studies published between 1972 and 1980 were reviewed that reported drinking-related outcome of subjects treated with psychological intervention or medication. Only 7.8% of subjects sampled in these studies were women. Of greater interest, female authors sampled nearly 3 times as many women in proportion to the number of people they studied as did male authors; women subjects were more than one and one-half times as likely to be followed up by female than by male authors; and 3 times as many female as male authors presented data examining sex differences. The same kind of differences between male and female authors occurred with respect to specifying precise numbers of male and female subjects studied and followed up, and with respect to examining prognostic variables related to women's outcome. The data suggest that subtle sex bias contributes to inadequate studying of women alcoholics.

Clinical supervision is of critical importance for training subsequent generations of psychologists. Specialty training in rehabilitation psychology requires exposure to specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to disability and specialized supervision and mentorship. In the literature to date, minimal guidance exists regarding supervision training and methods specifically for rehabilitation psychologists. This article aims to provoke discussion regarding supervision practice and dissemination of the values fundamental to our specialty. The foundational wisdom of Dr. Beatrice Wright (1983) is applied for the purposes of this endeavor. Examples of clinical supervision scenarios are presented as teaching vignettes to demonstrate ways in which supervisors and mentors can incorporate this content, promote discussion, and apply it to real-world practice.

Chicks were used as a model to investigate behavioral effects of administering a new compound intended for use with magnetic resonance. The compound has multiple 19F atom tags covalently bonded to the indole ring of 5-hydroxytryptophan (PF-5HTP), the immediate precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin. On incubation Day 17, 5 microg of PF-5-HTP, an equivalent amount of 5-HTP, or just 200 microL of the weak phosphate buffered saline (PBS) vehicle was injected into the airsac of each egg. Three days after hatching, chicks were isolated at the top of a simple T-Maze which, when traversed correctly, enabled them to return to their brood mates. A second trial in the T-Maze was conducted about three hours later. The brief period of isolation at the start of a trial causes social distress in chicks who are reinforced by returning to the brood. The task was selected as being sensitive to functioning of the serotonin pathways whose development might be altered by administering the compound during brain development. Repeated-measures analysis of variance yielded a statistically significant main effect for trial within groups, but no significant difference between injection groups. Administering a low dose of the fluorine tagged compound during development did not impair performance on this T-maze task.

For the past 3 decades, researchers have explored vital exhaustion (VE) as a possible risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). In this chapter, we describe the unique factors that compose the construct of VE and present the latest findings regarding the implications of VE and CHD. DEFINITION OF VITAL EXHAUSTIONVE is characterized by excessive fatigue; a lack of energy; feeling dejected, defeated, or hopeless; increased irritability; loss of libido; and a sense of burnout; for example, some people report feeling "like a battery losing its power" (Appels & Mulder, 1989). VE has been described as a state of severe fatigue that people reach when their mechanisms for coping with chronic stress fail (van der Ven et al., 2003). Although patients who score high on measures of VE report feeling run down, or that they cannot get their energy back, they often deny common symptoms of depression, such as feeling sad or losing interest or pleasure in things they usually enjoy (van Diest & Appels, 1991).