Background: West Nile virus (WNV) was first sequenced in Brazil in 2019, when it was isolated from a horse in the Espírito Santo state. Despite multiple studies reporting serological evidence suggestive of past circulation since 2004, WNV remains a low priority for surveillance and public health, such that much is still unknown about its genomic diversity, evolution, and transmission in the country. Methods: A combination of diagnostic assays, nanopore sequencing, phylogenetic inference, and epidemiological modeling are here used to provide a holistic overview of what is known about WNV in Brazil. Results: We report new genetic evidence of WNV circulation in southern (Minas Gerais, São Paulo) and northeastern (Piauí) states isolated from equine red blood cells. A novel, climate-informed theoretical perspective of the potential transmission of WNV across the country highlights the state of Piauí as particularly relevant for WNV epidemiology in Brazil, although it does not reject possible circulation in other states. Conclusion: Our output demonstrates the scarceness of existing data, and that although there is sufficient evidence for the circulation and persistence of the virus, much is still unknown on its local evolution, epidemiology, and activity. We advocate for a shift to active surveillance, to ensure adequate preparedness for future epidemics with spill-over potential to humans.

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Foreign body syndrome is an inflammatory disease, caused by the ingestion of a perforating foreign body, most often metallic. Adult dairy cattle are most affected. Depending on the direction that the foreign body takes when it reaches the reticulum, it can reach adjacent organs and cause reticulum peritonitis or reticulum traumatic pericarditis. It can cause unspecific signs such as fever, changes in rumen motility and cardiac signs. The diagnosis consists of observation of clinical signs, evidence of pain, ultrasound, hematology, blood biochemistry and analysis of cavitary effusions. The treatments normally used are conservative, with or without magnet and rumenotomy.

ResumoCom o objetivo de caracterizar morfologicamente a cérvix de ovelhas visando ajudar na compreensão desta estrutura e conseqüentemente melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva da espécie, 22 cérvices de ovelhas não gestantes, da raça Santa Inês, com média de idade de 3,3±1,1 anos e pesando entre 28 e 35 kg foram avaliadas macro e microscopicamente. Encontrou-se um comprimento de cérvix, de 6,2±0,99cm apresentando-se com 6,11±0,43 projeções circulares. Microscopicamente, apresentou uma camada de epitélio simples cilíndrico, seguida de uma camada de tecido conjuntivo frouxo (1,5±0,27mm) e uma camada de tecido muscular liso (4,5±1,23 mm) no sentido circular. Após a camada muscular da mucosa, há uma camada de tecido muscular, no sentido longitudinal (7,5±0,63mm). E finalmente, há uma camada serosa (10±2,15 mm) formada por fibras de tecido conjuntivo frouxo.Conclui-se que a cérvix de ovelhas da raça Santa Inês é delimitada por anéis

We report genetic evidence of WNV circulation from southern and northeastern Brazilian states isolated from equine red blood cells. In the northeastern state the tenth human case was also detected, presenting neuroinvasive disease compatible with WNV infection. Our analyses demonstrate that much is still unknown on the virus’ local epidemiology. We advocate for a shift to active surveillance, to ensure adequate control for future epidemics with spill-over potential to humans.