Keywords:2009 H1N1 Non-pharmaceutical intervention Model of goal-directed behavior Travel intention a b s t r a c t Theoretically, in the tourism context this study introduced a new concept of non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) for influenza, and tested the impact of NPI on the behavioral intention of potential international tourists. This study also extended the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) by incorporating the new concepts of NPI, and the perception of 2009 H1N1. The model found that desire, perceived behavioral control, frequency of past behavior, and non-pharmaceutical interventions predicted tourists' intention but perceptions of 2009 H1N1 had nil effect on desire and intention. Personal non-pharmaceutical interventions were theorized as adaptive behavior of tourists intending to travel during a pandemic which should be supported by tourism operators on a system-wide basis. Practically, this study dealt with the issue of influenza 2009 H1N1 with the study findings and implications providing government agencies, tourism marketers, policy-makers, transport systems, and hospitality services with important suggestions for NPI and international tourism during pandemics.

Purpose -Recognizing that crowding in a restaurant waiting area forms a first impression of service and sets service expectations, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of crowding in the effective control of the waiting environment. The study seeks to examine the impact of crowding on customers' emotions and approach-avoidance responses and to examine the mediating role of emotion and the moderating role of desired privacy in the relationship between crowding and approach-avoidance responses. Design/methodology/approach -Using real-scale, interactive virtual reality (VR) technology that allows high-fidelity representations of real environments, the authors created a navigable, photo-realistic three-dimensional model of a restaurant waiting area. Through an experimental study which manipulated crowding levels in the VR restaurant, they surveyed the subjects' responses toward crowding conditions. Findings -The study found significant effects of crowding on emotions including arousal and dominance, but not pleasure, and on approach-avoidance responses. The impact of crowding on approach-avoidance responses was more direct than indirect, without having emotion as a mediator. It was also found that the desire for privacy as a psychological trait moderated the relationship between crowding and affiliation. Practical implications -The findings of this study offer restaurant managers insights toward the effective management of the pre-process service environment during the waiting state that minimizes the negative consequences of waiting/crowding. This study provides three courses of management actions that can make unavoidable crowding in the restaurant waiting situation more enjoyable and comfortable. Originality/value -By using VR simulation, this study adds a new approach for crowding studies. Theoretically, this study broadened the scope of crowding studies by adding a potential mediating variable, emotions, and a moderating variable, desired privacy, in examining the relationship between crowding and approach-avoidance responses. Also, by focusing on a restaurant waiting area, the authors were able to explore the pre-process service expectations.

This study examines the effect of a Korean Oriental medicine festival's quality on tourists' satisfaction, trust, and support, and explores satisfaction's influence through the mediating variable of trust on destination development support, which previous festival tourism research underreports. An onsite survey was conducted for tourists (N = 458) to the Oriental Medicine Expo. The structural equation model results reveal that the quality dimensions of program, facility, and convenience influenced satisfaction positively, and satisfaction exerted a positive significant effect on trust in the festival's location developing as an Oriental medicine tourism destination. Ways that Oriental medicine tourism festivals can leverage health tourism development at regional and country levels are considered.

This paper examines the underlying factors that affected perceived value among SouthKorean tourists who visited the North Korean Mt Kumgang resort. Results identifi ed emotional, functional and economic values as core elements that directly affected guest satisfaction, which infl uenced intentions to recommend and revisit. Seen as a peace tourism site when the Sunshine Policy of rapprochement guided inter-Korean strategy, we argue that the resort project is a heterotopia of comparison combining idealized cultural and contradictory political spaces in one place. Understanding this needs Korean ideas that lead to a thanatourism with an indigenous perspective, which is applicable to other non-Western thanatourism-like sites.

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