English-language developments in sexual science were tied to literary communities from their earliest incarnations, as sexologists like Havelock Ellis and Marie Stopes also wrote novels and plays, and literary writers like George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, and Radclyffe Hall wrote fiction that can be read as extending and complicating, as well as adopting, the language and ideas of sexological discourse. Like their British counterparts, American writers of fiction developed a wide range of responses to the theories of sexologists, as well as those theories’ political implications. London and his contemporaries not only referenced the research of sexologists but also adjusted and challenged the assumptions of the field as they spread it to new audiences, creating and spreading knowledge about human sexuality.

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