2.3.3. Multifunctional hybrid systems 2.3.4. High magnetic moment core@shell nanoparticles 2.4. Instrumentation for magnetic-induced hyperthermia 3. Photo-induced hyperthermia 3.1. Mechanisms of Photo-induced hyperthermia 3.1.1. Surface plasmon resonance absorption 3.1.2. Interactions between light and carbon reticle vibrational state 3.1.3. Generation of heat in nanoparticles: role of non-radiative recombination 3.2. Parameters affecting the photo-induced hyperthermia 3.3. Potential photo-induced hyperthermia nanomaterial 3.3.1. Carbon Nanostructures 3.3.2. Au nanomaterials 3.3.3. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and Ferrites 3.3.4. Quantum Dots (QDs) 3.3.5. Rare-earth containing NPs 3.4. Instrumentation for photo-induced hyperthermia 4. Comparison between magnetic and photo-induced hyperthermia and their combinatorial effect 5. Prerequisites for hyperthermia treatment in the clinic 5.1. Parameter affecting toxicity: size, shape, composition, coating 5.2. Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and clearance rate 5.3. Concentration required for treatment 5.4. Drug release by external thermal therapy 5.5. In vivo and clinical application of hyperthermia treatments 5.5.1. Tumor microenviroment and hyperthermia effects 5.5.2. Delivery routes of nanoparticles in tumors 5.5.3.Examples of in vivo and clinical application of hyperthermia treatment 6. Conclusion and future perspectives Conflict of interest:

Core-shell magnetic nanoparticles have received significant attention recently and are actively investigated owing to their large potential for a variety of applications. Here, the synthesis and characterization of bimetallic nanoparticles containing a magnetic core and a gold shell are discussed. The gold shell facilitates, for example, the conjugation of thiolated biological molecules to the surface of the nanoparticles. The composite nanoparticles were produced by the reduction of a gold salt on the surface of pre-formed cobalt or magnetite nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and super-conducting quantum interference device magnetometry. The spectrographic data revealed the simultaneous presence of cobalt and gold in 5.6±0.8 nm alloy nanoparticles, and demonstrated the presence of distinct magnetite and gold phases in 9.2±1.3 nm core-shell magnetic nanoparticles. The cobalt-gold nanoparticles were of similar size to the cobalt seed, while the magnetite-gold nanoparticles were significantly larger than the magnetic seeds, indicating that different processes are responsible for the addition of the gold shell. The effect on the magnetic properties by adding a layer of gold to the cobalt and magnetite nanoparticles was studied. The functionalization of the magnetic nanoparticles is demonstrated through the conjugation of thiolated DNA to the gold shell.

We have studied magnetic properties of a diluted system of ultrafine cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (d∼3.3 nm). From the peak of the zero-field-cooled measurements, we obtained the blocking temperature TB of about 90.5 K and it is virtually independent of the applied magnetic field up to 5 kOe. At the superparamagnetic region T>TB, the system follows the modified Curie-law variation of the magnetic susceptibility χ=χo+C/T. We observed that the saturation magnetization follows a spin-wavelike temperature dependence at temperature above 10 K. In spite of the cubic structure for cobalt ferrite, at 2 K, the reduced remanence Mr/Ms is equal to 0.46 which is close to the theoretical value of 0.5 expected for noninteracting uniaxial single-domain particles with the easy axis randomly oriented. From the ac susceptibility measurements at different frequencies, we obtained a linear dependence of the logarithm of the experimental time window τex as function of inverse blocking temperature (1/TB). The fitting results in the anisotropy constant value K of 3.15×107 erg/cm3 that is one order of magnitude higher than 1.8–3.0×106 erg/cm3 in bulk CoFe2O4 materials.

In our present work, magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesised by thermal decomposition of Fe(III) and Co(II) acetylacetonate compounds in organic solvents in the presence of oleic acid (OA)/ oleylamine (OLA) as surfactants and 1,2-hexadecanediol (HDD) or octadecanol (OCD-ol) as an accelerating agent. As a result, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles of different shapes were tightly controlled in size (range of 4-30 nm) and monodispersity (standard deviation only at ca. 5%). Experimental parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, surfactant concentration, solvent, precursor ratio, and accelerating agent, in particular, the role of HDD, OCD-ol, and OA/OLA have been intensively investigated in detail to discover the best conditions for the synthesis of the above magnetic nanoparticles. The obtained nanoparticles have been successfully applied for producing oriented carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and they have potential to be used in biomedical applications.