Aims:  To determine the incidence and severity of infection by ochratoxin A (OA)‐producing fungi in Vietnamese green coffee beans. Methods and Results:  Aspergillus carbonarius, A. niger and yellow Aspergilli (A. ochraceus and related species in section Circumdati) were isolated by direct plating of surface‐disinfected Robusta (65 samples) and Arabica (11 samples) coffee beans from southern and central Vietnam. Significantly, more Robusta than Arabica beans were infected by fungi. Aspergillus niger infected 89% of Robusta beans, whereas A. carbonarius and yellow Aspergilli each infected 12–14% of beans. OA was not produced by A. niger (98 isolates) or A. ochraceus (77 isolates), but was detected in 110 of 113 isolates of A. carbonarius, 10 isolates of A. westerdijkiae and one isolate of A. steynii. The maximum OA observed in samples severely infected with toxigenic species was 1·8 μg kg−1; however, no relationship between extent of infection and OA contamination was observed. Conclusions:  Aspergillus niger is the dominant species infecting Vietnamese coffee beans, yet A. carbonarius is the likely source of OA contamination. Significance and Impact of Study:  Vietnamese green coffee beans were more severely infected with fungi than the levels reported for beans from other parts of the world, yet OA contamination appears to be infrequent.

Des observations sur l’insémination des femelles de Glossina palpalis palpalis ont été relevées au village de Zomenin en zone forestière de Daloa (7-6° de lat. N., 7-8° de long. O.) en Côte d’Ivoire suite à l’examen des spermathèques des femelles capturées au piège Vavoua dans quatre types de biotopes glossiniens : la caféière (gîte à pupes), la lisière de la caféière et de la forêt, les sentiers, et la périphérie du village. La proportion de femelles à spermathèques vides obtenue sur 9 175 individus examinés a été très faible (0,83 p. 100). La majorité des glossines vierges capturées ont été des femelles ténérales qui ne s’étaient donc pas encore nourries (93,42 p. 100). Elles ont été essentiellement capturées dans les lieux de larviposition (71,05 p. 100) et à la lisière de ces lieux (19,74 p. 100). Aucune femelle vierge n’a été trouvée parmi les glossines dont l’âge a été compris entre 10 et 39 jours. En revanche, 0,05 p. 100 des 4 460 glossines très âgées (âge supérieur à 40 jours) ont été trouvées avec des spermathèques vides. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que l’insémination des glossines a eu lieu dans les sites de larviposition, quelques jours seulement après l’émergence de l’imago (1 à 3 jours). Les femelles de cette espèce semblent, par ailleurs, s’être accouplées avant de prendre le premier repas de sang sur les sites mêmes d’émergence.

The study was to determine the appropriate dose and administration route of Ornitin Triple vaccine in cross-breed coloured broilers in Vietnam by evaluating the antibody titer against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) and local reactions at injection sites on chickens after vaccination. The study was divided into 2 trials. Both trials were designed with 3 vaccine dose groups: 0.0ml (control group), 0.25ml and 0.5ml and 2 different administration routes: subcutaneous at neck (SC) and intramuscular at breast (IM) injection. The result showed that, no statistically significant difference was found between antibody titer of two administration routes as well as 2 vaccine doses until 13-week-old. Local reactions at the injection sites of IM route was less severe than SC at neck and in higher dose would produce a more severe swelling reaction. Daily weight gain was found to have a slight decrease in the vaccinated groups within 2 weeks after vaccination, however, no statistically significant difference was found in later stage (P > 0.05). In conclusion, Ornitin Triple can be used to vaccinate by IM with the dose of 0.25ml for coloured broilers at early age (3-week-old), or 0.5ml for older birds and should be careful for some reactions at the injection sites.