MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation are involved in mechanical stretch-induced skeletal muscle regeneration. However, there are a small number of miRNAs that have been reported to be associated with NF-κB activation during mechanical stretch-induced myogenesis. In the present study, C2C12 myoblasts underwent cyclic mechanical stretch in vitro, to explore the relationship between miRNA expression and NF-κB activation during stretch-mediated myoblast proliferation. The results revealed that 10% deformation, 0.125 Hz cyclic mechanical stretch could promote myoblast proliferation. The miRNA expression profile was subsequently altered; miR-500, −1934, −31, −378, −331 and −5097 were downregulated, whereas miR-1941 was upregulated. These miRNAs were all involved in stretch-mediated myoblast proliferation. Notably, the expression of these miRNAs was reversed following treatment of 0.125 Hz mechanically stretched C2C12 cells with NF-κB inhibitors, which was accompanied by C2C12 cell growth suppression. Therefore, the present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to demonstrate that the NF-κB-dependent miRNA profile is associated with mechanical stretch-induced myoblast proliferation.

The mitochondrial flavoprotein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) has proved to be either the main mediator of apoptosis or an anti-apoptotic factor via its putative oxidoreductase and peroxide scavenging activities. We report here that 100 mM hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) induced the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts and over-expression of AIF simultaneously in vitro. Immunofluorescence showed that the over-expression of AIF was located in the cytoplasm. The immunopositive AIF was detected in nuclei 27 days after denervation of skeletal muscle, but in the cytoplasm it was detected 27 days after fiber-damaged skeletal muscle. AIF may be a factor involved in skeletal muscle regeneration.

Etherification O 0328Williamson Reaction in Ionic Liquids. -The Williamson etherification is efficiently accomplished in room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) under mild conditions and in good yields. The isolation of products is quite simple and the RTIL can be reused.

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Switchable and minimally invasive tissue adhesives have great potential for medical applications. However, on-demand adherence to and detachment from tissue surfaces remain difficult. We fabricated a switchable hydrogel film adhesive by designing pattern-tunable wrinkles to control adhesion. When adhered to a substrate, the compressive stress generated from the bilayer system leads to self-similar wrinkling patterns at short and long wavelengths, regulating the interfacial adhesion. To verify the concept and explore its application, we established a random skin flap model, which is a crucial strategy for repairing severe or large-scale wounds. Our hydrogel adhesive provides sufficient adhesion for tissue sealing and promotes neovascularization at the first stage, and then gradually detaches from the tissue while a dynamic wrinkling pattern transition happens. The gel film can be progressively ejected out from the side margins after host-guest integration. Our findings provide insights into tunable bioadhesion by manipulating the wrinkling pattern transition.