Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) is a promising approach to detect early cartilage degeneration. However, there is no consensus on which cartilage component contributes to the tissue's qMRI signal properties. T1, T1ρ, and T2⁎ maps of cartilage samples (n = 8) were generated on a clinical 3.0-T MRI system. All samples underwent histological assessment to ensure structural integrity. For cross-referencing, a discretized numerical model capturing distinct compositional and structural tissue properties, that is, fluid fraction (FF), proteoglycan (PG) and collagen (CO) content and collagen fiber orientation (CFO), was implemented. In a pixel-wise and region-specific manner (central versus peripheral region), qMRI parameter values and modelled tissue parameters were correlated and quantified in terms of Spearman's correlation coefficient ρs. Significant correlations were found between modelled compositional parameters and T1 and T2⁎, in particular in the central region (T1: ρs ≥ 0.7 [FF, CFO], ρs ≤ −0.8 [CO, PG]; T2⁎: ρs ≥ 0.67 [FF, CFO], ρs ≤ −0.71 [CO, PG]). For T1ρ, correlations were considerably weaker and fewer (0.16 ≤ ρs ≤ −0.15). QMRI parameters are characterized in their biophysical properties and their sensitivity and specificity profiles in a basic scientific context. Although none of these is specific towards any particular cartilage constituent, T1 and T2⁎ reflect actual tissue compositional features more closely than T1ρ.
Objective Beyond static assessment, functional techniques are increasingly applied in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Stress MRI techniques bring together MRI and mechanical loading to study knee joint and tissue functionality, yet prototypical axial compressive loading devices are bulky and complex to operate. This study aimed to design and validate an MRI-compatible pressure-controlled varus–valgus loading device that applies loading along the joint line. Methods Following the device’s thorough validation, we demonstrated proof of concept by subjecting a structurally intact human cadaveric knee joint to serial imaging in unloaded and loaded configurations, i.e. to varus and valgus loading at 7.5 kPa (= 73.5 N), 15 kPa (= 147.1 N), and 22.5 kPa (= 220.6 N). Following clinical standard (PDw fs) and high-resolution 3D water-selective cartilage (WATSc) sequences, we performed manual segmentations and computations of morphometric cartilage measures. We used CT and radiography (to quantify joint space widths) and histology and biomechanics (to assess tissue quality) as references. Results We found (sub)regional decreases in cartilage volume, thickness, and mean joint space widths reflective of areal pressurization of the medial and lateral femorotibial compartments. Discussion Once substantiated by larger sample sizes, varus–valgus loading may provide a powerful alternative stress MRI technique.
Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Der Ultraschall der Bewegungsorgane findet breite Anwendung in der Diagnostik von Pathologien und in der Intervention. Die frühe Implementierung von Ultraschallkursen in das medizinische Curriculum könnte zu einer besseren medizinischen Versorgung führen. Die Sonografie wird häufig mit der „See one, do one“-Methode angeleitet, obgleich unklar bleibt, ob dies die beste Herangehensweise darstellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht, ob die 4-Schritt-Methode nach Peyton konventionellen Lehrstrategien in der Vermittlung des muskuloskelettalen Ultraschalls durch Peer-Dozierende überlegen ist und wie die Technik von den Studierenden beurteilt wird. Material und Methoden Insgesamt absolvierten 491 Studierende (342 Frauen, 149 Männer) eine curriculare Lehrveranstaltung zum Thema Gelenksonografie. Ausgesuchte Schnitte an Knie und Schulter wurden randomisiert auf konventionelle Weise und nach der 4-Schritt-Methode nach Peyton von speziell geschulten Peer-Dozierenden unterrichtet. Die erlernten Fertigkeiten wurden in einer Objective structured practical Examination (OSPE) geprüft. Beurteilt wurde die benötigte Zeit zum Einstellen der Schnitte, die technische Durchführung und die Bildqualität. Die Studierenden wurden gebeten, den Kurs zu evaluieren. Ergebnisse Bezüglich der praktischen Ausführung und der Qualität der Schnittbilder zeigten sich die beiden Lehrmethoden sowohl für die Schulter- als auch für die Kniegelenksonografie als ebenbürtig. Der Vergleich der Lehrinhalte (Knie vs. Schulter) hatte signifikante Differenzen bezüglich der Bildauswertung (Knie 6,5 ± 1,7 Punkte, Schulter 6,0 ± 1,9 Punkte; p < 0,001), der benötigten Zeit (Knie 36 ± 21 s, Schulter 43 ± 20 s; p < 0,001) und des Erreichens der Bestehensgrenze von 60% (Knie: 73% der Studierenden, Schulter: 61% der Studierenden; p < 0,001) gezeigt. Unabhängig von der Lehrmethode bewerteten die Studierenden die Peer-Dozierenden als kompetent und befanden die Inhalte als adäquat für den Unterricht durch Gleichgestellte. Über 70% der Studierenden hatten Spaß an den Kursstunden. Sowohl der Knie- als auch der Schultergelenkkurs wurden im Mittel mit über 8 von 10 Punkten bewertet. Schlussfolgerung Für die Vermittlung von Grundkenntnissen der Gelenksonografie sind die konventionelle Methode und die 4-Schritt-Methode nach Peyton ebenbürtig. Die Durchführung des Unterrichts durch Peer-Dozierende wird positiv bewertet und findet hohe Akzeptanz bei den Studierenden. Unterschieden im Schwierigkeitsgrad und der Komplexität der Lehrinhalte ist in künftigen Kursen Rechnung zu tragen.
The muscle specific isoform of the supervillin protein (SV2), encoded by the SVIL gene, is a large sarcolemmal myosin II- and F-actin-binding protein. Supervillin (SV2) binds and co-localizes with costameric dystrophin and binds nebulin, potentially attaching the sarcolemma to myofibrillar Z-lines. Despite its important role in muscle cell physiology suggested by various in vitro studies, there are so far no reports of any human disease caused by SVIL mutations. We here report four patients from two unrelated, consanguineous families with a childhood/adolescence onset of a myopathy associated with homozygous loss-of-function mutations in SVIL. Wide neck, anteverted shoulders and prominent trapezius muscles together with variable contractures were characteristic features. All patients showed increased levels of serum creatine kinase but no or minor muscle weakness. Mild cardiac manifestations were observed. Muscle biopsies showed complete loss of large supervillin isoforms in muscle fibres by western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Light and electron microscopic investigations revealed a structural myopathy with numerous lobulated muscle fibres and considerable myofibrillar alterations with a coarse and irregular intermyofibrillar network. Autophagic vacuoles, as well as frequent and extensive deposits of lipoproteins, including immature lipofuscin, were observed. Several sarcolemma-associated proteins, including dystrophin and sarcoglycans, were partially mis-localized. The results demonstrate the importance of the supervillin (SV2) protein for the structural integrity of muscle fibres in humans and show that recessive loss-of-function mutations in SVIL cause a distinctive and novel myopathy.
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