Magnetic particles, generally nanostructured and magnetite-based, have been studied extensively to remove drinking water contaminants. Compositions beyond Fe 3 O 4 could address long-standing issues of magnetic recoverability and materials integrity in drinking waters. Herein carbon-coated iron carbide (Fe 3 C@C) were studied for the first time for their stability, magnetic characteristics, magnetic separability, and arsenic adsorptive properties. Experimental results show that (i) Fe 3 C@C with a 9-nm thick graphitic shell is chemically stable in simulated drinking water; (ii) is ferromagnetic with small magnetic remanence and a magnetic saturation that is ~ 2 × greater than Fe 3 O 4 ; (iii) can be separated from water magnetically under continuous-flow conditions with greater than 99% recovery; and (iv) has a surface area-normalized adsorption capacity for arsenic (6.75 µg/m 2) of the same order of magnitude as that of Fe 3 O 4 (9.62 µg/m 2). Fe 3 C@C can be a viable alternative to Fe 3 O 4 with further development, for the magnetic removal of arsenic and other contaminants from drinking water sources. Graphic abstract A comparative look at the chemical stability, adsorptive prowess, and magnetic capturability of nanostructured carbon-coated iron carbide for arsenic removal from simulated drinking water.
The ability of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to initiate and sustain an effective immune response entails a delicate balance between T-cell activation and deactivation and is key for complete tumor elimination. CD6 is a co-receptor that fine-tunes T cell receptor signal strength through a unique dual function intracellular domain. CD6 is alternatively spliced, creating isoforms that lack distinct regions which interact with activating or inhibitory adapter proteins, thereby delivering inhibitory or activating signals, respectively. We hypothesized that CAR T cell fitness, namely their ability to sustain their effector function, can be achieved by using alternatively spliced CD6 isoforms which lack exons responsible for inhibitory signaling. First, we discovered that overexpression of the canonical full-length CD6 molecule, isoform CD6A, resulted in marginal improvement of CAR T cell function, while its deletion using CRISPR/Cas9 depressed the antitumor CAR T cell functionality. This supported a net stimulatory role for CD6 in CAR T cell function. To study their effect on cellular fitness, we then synthesized and overexpressed known alternatively spliced cytoplasmic isoforms CD6B, CD6C, CD6D, CD6E, and CD6F on CAR T cells and, noted a significant tendency towards preserving the CAR T cell naïve and central memory compartments, upon tumor encounter. Overexpression of isoform CD6F, which lacks exon 9, and to a lesser extent isoforms CD6C and CD6E enhanced the short- and long-term cytotoxicity of HER2 and CD19 targeting CAR T cells when compared to CAR T cells alone or CAR T cells overexpressing, CD6A. Despite exhibiting a lower proliferation index, and lower CAR CD3ζ phosphorylation at rest, CD6F CAR T cells secreted significantly higher concentrations of the Th1 cytokine, IFN-γ, and mediated more sustained in vitro cytotoxicity long-term, with more complete elimination of large tumor cell loads. Lastly, in an orthotopic model of human glioblastoma, the adoptive transfer of CD6F HER2 CAR T cells induced a more significant but also more sustained anti-glioma effect that translated into a significant survival advantage for experimental animals. Our data support that the overexpression of the alternatively spliced CD6 isoforms improves CAR T cell fitness resulting in superior antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: Jessica S. Morris, Ahmed Z. Gad, Lea M. Godret-Miertschin, Ryan Fleischmann, Vita Salsman, Sujith K. Joseph, Nabil Ahmed. CD6 isoforms improve CAR T cell fitness [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1151.
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