A 5-year collection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans human clinical isolates yielded nine isolates from blood cultures of patients with invasive infections, stressing the importance of C. diphtheriae as a serious blood-borne pathogen. Seven percent of C. diphtheriae and 100% of C. ulcerans isolates produced diphtheria toxin, demonstrating that toxigenic corynebacteria continue to circulate.

Towards the continuous improvement of its inspection system, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is developing an Establishment‐based Risk Assessment model for Hatcheries to allocate inspection resources based on the food safety risk associated with the Canadian hatcheries falling under its jurisdiction. The objectives of the current study were to identify and select critical food safety‐related risk factors that would be included in this model, with a main focus on Salmonella. A literature review was used to develop a comprehensive list of risk factors that could potentially contribute to the food safety risk attributed to Canadian hatcheries operating in all production streams (breeders, layers, broilers, turkeys, waterfowl and game birds). The development of this list used a selection process that was conducted according to the availability of data sources, the clarity of definition and the measurability of the selected risk factors. A panel of experts reviewed and adjusted the identified risk factors. A final list of 29 risk factors was generated; 20 originated from the scientific literature and nine from the expert panel. Risk factors were grouped in three clusters according to whether they pertained to the inherent risk (nine factors identified), risk mitigation (nine factors identified) or compliance of a hatchery with its preventive control plan and regulatory requirements (11 factors identified). Criteria for assessing each risk factor were defined based on common practices used in the Canadian hatchery industry. This comprehensive list of risk factors and criteria represents useful information to support the design and implementation of a Canadian risk assessment model for hatcheries, but could also be used by like‐minded food safety authorities.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency is developing an Establishment-based Risk Assessment model for Hatcheries to allocate inspection resources according to the food safety risk associated with each hatchery falling under its jurisdiction. In a previous study, 29 factors contributing to the food safety risk of hatcheries were identified and grouped into three clusters (inherent risk, risk mitigation, and compliance) and assessment criteria were defined. The objective of the current study was to estimate the relative risk (RR) of these criteria. Two rounds of expert elicitations were conducted to allow 13 Canadian experts to estimate the RR of each criterion (n = 96) based on its potential impact on human health, with a specific focus on Salmonella spp. This process also aimed to estimate the maximum increase or decrease in the overall food safety risk of a hatchery when considering multiple criteria belonging to a specific cluster and to assess the risk attribution of Salmonella spp. at the hatchery and bird-type levels. Results showed that the respondent profile had no influence on the importance given to a majority of criteria. Uniformity of answers among experts improved from the first to the second round. Overall, 62.5%, 32.3%, and 5.2% of the criteria were attributed to an RR that was less than 2, between 2 and 3, and greater than 3, respectively. Mixing eggs from different supply flocks when placed into the same hatching unit, hatching multiple species, and importing eggs with unknown quality status were identified as having the highest contribution to a hatchery's inherent risk. Requiring information on the foodborne pathogen status of supplying flocks and the occurrence of regulatory enforcement actions were the most impactful risk mitigation and compliance factors, respectively. The median RR value assigned to each criterion and cluster will be used to build this new model.

To obtain iron, a necessary nutrient, meningococci and several other human and veterinary pathogens have iron-acquisition systems, which are expressed in vivo during infection. One target of iron-acquisition systems is transferrin (Tf), which is the major glycoprotein responsible for the transport of iron in the extracellular milieu of vertebrates. Tf-binding proteins A and B (TbpA and TbpB) function as the cell-surface Tf receptor in Neisseria meningitidis (1).

A risk assessment was performed to determine the health risks associated with the consumption of Canadian grade A eggs internally contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis. The distribution of the prevalence of contaminated eggs yielded an average of 1.7 per million from regulated laying flocks. The poorest storage and handling conditions for eggs represent 0.6% of exposures but result in 46% of illnesses; eggs handled under ideal storage and handling conditions account for 96% of exposures and represent 49% of illnesses. These findings suggest that risk management options targeting contaminated egg prevalence and the number of illnesses from a contaminated egg would be appropriate. Simulated risk management strategies included i) vaccination of flocks moving into houses previously occupied by positive flocks, ii) test and divert flock management strategy with environmental testing for S. Enteritidis, iii) eliminating the use of pooled shell eggs in foodservice and institutional settings, and iv) eliminating S. Enteritidis growth by improving egg storage and handling conditions. Strategies aimed at flock management yielded simulated reductions in contaminated egg prevalence between 2 and 29% of baseline, with smaller simulated gains from strategies aimed at reducing the number of illnesses per contaminated egg.