Light pollution is emerging as one of the most rapidly increasing types of environmental degradation. Many localities have developed regulations to constrain the use of excessive light. Recently, the government of Korea has enacted and executed the 'Light Pollution Prevention Act' for the proper management of light pollution. This paper reviews the background and the main contents of the Act as well as the current status of light pollution in Korea. By this Act, a 'Light Pollution Prevention Committee' is established and the designation of environmental zones and the light emission standards for these zones are given. The contents of this study will be useful as a guideline for developing countries preparing light pollution management plans.

In this paper, we briefly summarize the capabilities of state-of-the-art angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) in the field of experimental condensed matter physics. Due to the advancement of the detector technology and the high flux light sources, ARPES has become a powerful tool to study the low energy excitations of solids, especially those novel quantum materials in which many-body physics are at play. To benchmark today's state-of-the-art ARPES technique, we demonstrate that the precision of today's ARPES has advanced to a regime comparable to the bulk-sensitive de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) measurements. Finally, as an example of new discoveries driven by the advancement of the ARPES technique, we summarize some of our recent ARPES measurements on underdoped high-T(c) superconducting cuprates, which have provided further insight into the complex pseudogap problem.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination regimen of docetaxel plus oxaliplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Patients with previously untreated metastatic or recurrent, measurable gastric cancer received intravenous docetaxel 65 mg m À2 plus oxaliplatin 120 mg m À2 on day 1 based on a 3-week cycle. Forty-two patients were enrolled in the current study, among whom 39 were assessable for efficacy and all assessable for toxicity. One complete response and 18 partial responses were confirmed, giving an overall response rate of 45.2% (95% confidence interval (CI); 31.7 -59.7%). At a median followup of 7.7 months, the median time to progression and median overall survival was 5.7 (95% CI; 4.3 -7.2) months and 9.9 (95% CI; 7.8 -12.0) months, respectively. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 11 patients (26.1%) and febrile neutropenia was observed in four patients (9.5%). The common non-haematologic toxicity was fatigue (grade 1/2, 61.9%) and nausea (grade 1/2, 47.7%). The combination of docetaxel and oxaliplatin was found to be well tolerated and effective in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

A heuristic constitutive equation and an FE formulation for rubber under small oscillatory loads superimposed on large static deformations are presented. The viscoelastic constitutive model, [9], is implemented in an FE code to analyze the dynamic characteristics of rubber elements under general loading conditions. Dynamic tests in which the rubber specimens endure steady-state harmonic motion superimposed on large static deformation are performed in order to verify the proposed model. Compression and complex-stress tests are included in the tests to check the proposed model under multi-axial stress states. The FEA results are compared with the experimental results. The proposed model successfully predicts dynamic stiffness peak in the complex-stress test, which cannot be explained by conventional models. The model shows a better performance than existing models in predicting the behavior of rubber specimens that are subject to complex pre-strain.

DNA frayed wires are a novel, multistranded form of DNA that arises from interactions between single-stranded oligodeoxyribonucleotides with the general sequence d(N(x)G(y)) or d(G(y)N(x)), where y > 10 and x > 5. Frayed wires exhibit greater stability with respect to thermal and chemical denaturation than single- or double-stranded DNA molecules and, thus, may have potential usefulness for DNA drug delivery. However, the stability and uptake of frayed wires have not been investigated in biological systems. Our objective was to examine the cellular uptake and stability of frayed wires in cultured hepatic cells. In these studies, the parent oligonucleotide d(A(15)G(15)) was used to form DNA frayed wires (DNA(FW)) while a random 30-mer oligonucleotide was used as the control nonaggregated DNA (DNA(SS)). Uptake and metabolism studies of DNA(FW) were performed in cultured human hepatoma, HepG2 cells and compared to DNA(SS). Our results indicate that DNA(FW) are not cytotoxic and that their intracellular uptake in HepG2 cells is 2-3.5-fold greater than that of DNA(SS) within the first 2 h (p < 0.05). Similarly, nuclear localization of DNA(FW) is 10-13-fold higher than that of DNA(SS) (p < 0.05). As both internalized and extracellular DNA(FW) appear to be more stable in vitro than DNA(SS), the enhanced uptake may be due to either increased stability or enhanced intracellular transport. These studies also indicate that uptake of DNA(FW) likely occurs via active processes such as receptor-mediated endocytosis similar to mechanisms which have been proposed for DNA(SS). The internalization pathways of DNA(FW) may differ somewhat from that of DNA(SS) insofar as chloroquine does not appear to alter DNA(FW) uptake and degradation, as is the case with DNA(SS).