Hematogenous dissemination of organisms occurs in many spirochetal diseases, including Lyme disease and syphilis. Although syphilis has been transmitted by transfusion, in the vast majority of cases, only fresh blood products were involved, in part because Treponema pallidum survives poorly when refrigerated in citrated blood. Because of the rising incidence of Lyme disease in certain areas, whether its causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, could survive under blood banking conditions was studied. Dilutions of stock cultures of two strains of B. burgdorferi were inoculated into samples of citrated red cells (RBCs). Viable spirochetes were recovered from RBCs inoculated with 10(6) organisms per mL, after refrigeration for as long as 6 weeks. It is concluded that B. burgdorferi may survive storage under blood banking conditions and that transfusion-related Lyme disease is theoretically possible.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the modality of action, efficacy and safety of Ag4O4 nanoparticles in the application of hindering the targeting and acquisition of viruses on host cells. This study also illustrates how molecular frequency can change the dynamics of viral load and illustrate through both bench and clinical trials an empirical log reduction in viruses. In regard to medical devices, the new world of nanomedicine is just in it's infancy; over the next 10 years large jumps should occur connecting theory to actual medical devices and treatment protocols. To this end, we hope to add a small part to medicine as a whole by researching as well as developing new nanosized particle approaches and devices that can clearly make a difference in improving the effectiveness in wound healing, and in the lives of people and animals. We have already contributed in some specific areas of antibacterial applications but feel we have only begun to scratch the surface in this emerging field of medicine. The process of developing effective nanoparticles is an ever changing area of research. It is a series of thousands of small steps to reach an option for treatment. However, as technology increases at a rate that is exponential in nature, we will see faster and shorter development periods for both pharmaceuticals as well as medical devices. We will see computer processing and applications give us advantages that were never dreamed of previously. Today, we live in a world in which we can use technology productively to build faster and better new technology. In summary, this research was designed to pull together current research of the Ag4O4 nanoparticle and add another small study on how it eliminates specific viruses. Many researchers have alluded to this aspect of the particle, but none have directly addressed the modalities in which it works. To this end, we have illustrated two specific modalities of the Ag4O4 as antiviral in nature. The application of Ag4O4 nanoparticles in wound healing resulted in an apparent misleading of the targeting system on the virus and hindering glycoproteins from attaching to the host cells.Support or Funding InformationSupported by Institutional Resources of USAT and Einstein Medical Institute