Background: Carbapenem resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae is an emerging problem worldwide. One of the main mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems is the potential of Klebsiella pneumoniae to produce carbapenemase enzyme. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of bla VIM , bla IMP , and bla KPC among carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) isolated from Kurdistan and Isfahan hospitals. Materials and Methods:This study was carried out in Iran using 183 samples from the Besat and Alzahra hospitals in 2017. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion. The modified Hodge test (MHT) was used to investigate the presence of carbapenemase. The -lactamases genes were detected by PCR. Results: The highest and lowest rates of resistance were observed against cefotaxime (98.2%) and gentamicin (43.6%), respectively. Among the 183 isolates, 134 (73.2 %) were positive by the MHT. The prevalence rates of bla VIM , bla IMP , and bla KPC were 4 (2.18%), 1 (0.5%), and 0%, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of CRKP strains is a major concern and infection control processes are needed. These gene showed a low prevalence in our country, likely because other mechanisms of resistance to carbapenems are involved.

Overuse and misuse of Carbapenems among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates have caused Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Pneumonia (CRKP) during recent years. Colistin is one of the last available options, and there are increasing concerns about the dosage and resistance to this agent in long-term monotherapies. This study was designed to identification of carbapenemase producing isolates of K. pneumoniae via phenotypic and genotypic methods as well as evaluation of colistin-meropenem combination therapy potential. This study was carried out in Isfahan, of Iran on 100 samples from Alzahra and Khorshid hospitals in 2017. The Modified Hodge Test (MHT) was used to investigate the carbapenemase presence. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) were determined using broth macrodilution and checkerboard assays (respectively) for both meropenem and colistin. The bla-KPC gene was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The highest and the lowest rate of resistance were observed for piperacillin (84%) and ertapenem (50%) respectively. 68 isolates by MHT were CRKP, but None of them were positive for bla-KPC gene. 21 isolates from CRKP cases were high resistant to used antimicrobial agents in the study that both MIC and FIC results showed significant synergy for this antibiotics in checkerboard test (p-value < 0.05). 21 resistant isolates from CRKP cases showed statistically significant synergy potential for meropenem and colistin. The meropenem-colistin combination therapy can be applied as a suitable antibiotic synergy but it requires further investigation in clinical assay. Regarding to our findings, Probably other mechanisms of resistance to Carbapenems ,except bla-kpc genes are involved.

with significant morbidity and mortality. 7 A number of carbapenemases have been reported including KPC, GES, SME, NMC-A and IMI types (Amber class A), IMP, VIM and NDM type (Amber class B), metallo-β-lactamases and OXA type (Amber class D), and oxacillinases. 8,9 KPCproducing K. pneumoniae was reported to emerge in some countries such as the northeastern USA,