Introduction: With regard to the wide-ranging effects of gender dysphoria disorder on the social and mental performances, as well as the little awareness about this disorder in Iran, inappropriate and irrational behaviors are expected due. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the difference between personality traits of people with gender dysphoria disorder and those of healthy subjects using the Rorschach test. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients with gender dysphoria disorder and 28 healthy subjects using available sampling method were selected and evaluated. Then, subjects were individually evaluated after being selected by Rorschach test; based on Axner's comprehensive system. Finally, the data were analyzed using t-test analyzing method in SPSS 21 software. Results: The results showed that people with gender dysphoria disorder and healthy people had a significant difference in some specific variables (YF, FT, F, FQo, FQu). So that; in some variables (M, YF, FT), patients with gender dysphoria disorder got higher scores, but in some other variables (F, FQo, FQu), healthy subjects got higher scores. Conclusion: Those with gender dysphoria disorder had mental illness, feelings of helplessness, isolation, and an attempt to create a gap between themselves and the environment and the expression of suppressed excitement which are directly associated with experience of depression and anxiety.

Attitude toward dying and death is a conceptual response to the various aspects of death, which is based on an individual's psychosocial and cultural experiences. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Multidimensional Orientation toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F) among Iranian students. Methods: A total of 320 subjects were selected from students in universities of Tehran in the academic year 2016-2017, using the convenience sampling method. The study data were collected using the following instruments: the MODDI-F, the Existential Anxiety Scale (EAS), the Oxford happiness questionnaire, the general health questionnaire, and the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). Data analyses were performed by factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in SPSS V. 22. Results: Factor structure was assessed using the confirmatory factor analysis. The proposed model for the MODDI-F with 8 factors had a good fit to the data. Besides, the reliability of the MODDI-F was assessed using Cronbach alpha and test-retest reliability coefficients. The Cronbach alpha values of higher than 0.7 were found for all of the subscales, except for death denial. Moreover, using the Pearson correlation coefficient, significant relationships were found between the scores on the factors of the MODDI-F and scores on convergent and divergent factors of other questionnaires, indicating the convergent and divergent validity of the inventory. Conclusion: MODDI-F enjoys acceptable psychometric properties regarding the ease of administration, scoring, and interpretation, as well as the suitable validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Thus, researchers can safely use it in their studies.

Background and Objective: More than half of Afghan refugees in Iran are adolescent. One of the important challenges in adapting to the new environment is the acculturative stress that can threaten the physical and mental health of refugee adolescents. In order to identify the acculturation stressors, the validity of the Acculturative Stress Scale on Afghan refugee adolescents in Iran was evaluated for the first time. Methods: The statistical population of the study is all Afghan refugee adolescent students in Iran who are studying at international schools in Tehran province. 406 participants were randomly selected, between the ages of 14 and 18, (166 boys and 240 girls). The tool of this research is an Acculturative Stress Scale that evaluates the translation validity, content validity and construct validity. Results: The results showed that the Acculturative Stress Scale in Afghan adolescent samples has good content validity. The results have confirmed the three factor structure of Acculturative Stress Scale in Afghan refugee adolescent samples in Iran. Exploratory factor analysis results for each variable was: process-oriented stress (32.76%), social stress (9.43%), and perceived discrimination (3.47%); this explained that in total 46% of the variance was explained by these three factors and the goodness index of fit is 0.40 which is at the very adequate level. Conclusion: This tool can be used to identify the risk factors in the adolescent refugee population. Also, this tool can examine the challenges of positive adaptation to the new environment and prevent mental disorders associated with acculturative stress. It is necessary for researchers to pay attention to the context, social and cultural status when assessing the acculturative stress.