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Objectives: The detection of anatomical variation impairments in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) is crucial in combined orthodontic and maxillofacial surgical treatments. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the anatomical maxillary sinus characteristics, nasal septum deviation (NSD), and mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus in patients with CLP using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Design: The CBCT images were classified into 3 groups of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP; n = 40), bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP; n=14), and noncleft (control; n = 54). Subsequently, the maxillary sinus linear dimensions were assessed. Height, width, depth, infundibulum height, and ostium width were assessed as quantitative measures, whereas nasal septum deviation and mucosal thickening were assessed as qualitative measures. One-way analysis of variance and χ2 tests were utilized to identify any significant differences among the groups regarding the aforementioned variables. Results: Significant differences were observed among the groups regarding maxillary sinus height and depth, NSD, and mucosal thickening. Moreover, UCLP and BCLP groups showed higher incidence of NSD and mucosal thickening. However, the size of maxillary sinus height and depth was lower in the UCLP and BCLP groups. Conclusion: The results showed that BCLP and UCLP groups obtained lower maxillary sinus height and depth compared to the control group. On the other hand, incidence of the NSD and mucosal thickening was significantly higher in UCLP and BCLP groups than those in the control group.

Context:Better understanding of the anatomical location and course of the mandibular canal is necessary to avoid damaging inferior alveolar nerve.Aims:The aim of this study was to investigate the buccolingual course of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) in different mental foramen locations, using cone beam computed tomography.Materials and Methods:Three hundred and twelve hemimandibular images were evaluated in this study. The location of mental foramen in relation to the apices of mandibular premolar and molar teeth were recorded. Nine measurements (in millimeters) were taken at the level of the IAC and posterior mandibular premolar and molar root apices. Relative distances of IAC to buccal and lingual mandibular cortex were calculated for different mental foramen types.Statistical Analysis Used:Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results:The distribution of subjects according to the type of mental foramen includes: Type 1 = 50.3% (at the level of second premolar apex), Type 2 = 33% (between the apices of first and second premolars), and Type 3 = 16.7% (between the apices of second premolars and first molars). The buccolingual ratio of the IAC position was statistically significant in different mental foramen types (P = 0.00).Conclusion:The position of IAC was affected by the location of the mental foramen. The direction of IAC gradually changed from lingual to buccal and from posterior to anterior.

Background The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the maxillary sinus and the canine root apices in cone beam computed tomographic images (CBCT) and to assess the amount of extension of the maxillary sinus to the anterior region of the jaw in different sexes and age groups. Methods CBCT of 300 individuals (154 males and 146 females) over 20 years (with a mean age of 35.12 ± 8.40 years) were evaluated. The subjects were categorized into three age groups (20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 years). When the maxillary sinus extended to the canine area, the vertical distance between them was measured, and their relationship was classified into three types: I (more than 2 mm distance), II (less than 2 mm distance or in-contact), and III (interlock). Results 413 out of 600 maxillary sinuses (68.8%) were extended into the canine area or beyond. Among them, 15 maxillary sinuses pneumatized into the incisor area (2.5%). The prevalence of the maxillary sinuses extended to the anterior region of the jaw was not significantly different between genders. However, it was significantly less frequent in the older age group and more frequent on the left side. In addition, the mean amount of anterior extension of the maxillary sinus (mm) was significantly lower in the older age group. Type I was the most frequent vertical relationship between the maxillary sinuses and canine apices with no significant difference in gender, side, and age groups. Conclusions In most cases, the maxillary sinus extended to the canine area and sometimes reached the incisor region. This necessitates paying more attention to the maxillary anterior sextant during surgical procedures.