Cervical cancer is among the most common type of cancers in women and is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Genital warts are also reported to be linked with HPV infection types 11 and 6. In turn, clinical characteristics and morphological features of warts may be useful in the prediction of prognosis and in making treatment decisions. Thus, we have investigated the association of high and low-risk HPVs genotype with genital wart risk, as well as pathological and cytological information in cases recruited from a population-based cohort study of 1380 patients. Patients infected with HPV genotype 6 or 11 had an increased risk of having warts, with OR of 2.34 (95% CI: 0.955-5.737, P = 0.06). Also, this association was enhanced in the presence of high plus low-risk HPV for having genital wart (OR: 2.814; 95%: 1.208-6.55, P = 0.017) and cases having highrisk HPV (OR: 2.329; 95% CI: 1.029-5.269, P = 0.042). Moreover, we observed patients with genital warts having CIN2/3, indicating the importance of informing the physician to the patient to prevent more severe lesions. Our data demonstrated that patients with both low/high-risk HPV types had an increased risk of developing genital warts and persistent infection with HPV was a necessary precursor for the increase in cervical lesions.

The high prevalence of myoma and its associated symptoms in the reproductive age is one of the challenges for women and health care providers in this area. In this regard, the use of treatment procedures such as UAE or myomectomy with preservation of the uterus depending on the patient's condition and individually in the management of this disease has long been considered by experts. In developing countries, because of limited resources, further studies seem to be necessary.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection is a new major concern and a global emergency in almost all countries worldwide; due to the higher sensibility of cancer patients, they are more susceptible to severe and fatal infections, being nearly 10 times more likely than in healthy individuals infected with this virus. Although the aggressive nature of a cancer is a matter of concern, our exact role as oncologists in this time of restricted resources is not fully clarified. Regarding some consensus recommendation for postponing surgery, there is still an essential need for a single approved protocol regarding each type of malignancy. Iran, as one of the first involved countries in this crisis in Asia, which also has a high prevalence of gynecological malignancies, will certainly require an individualized decision-making schedule based on the most accepted global consensus opinion. Considering our restricted health system resources, herein we tried to introduce a logical gynecologic cancer management protocol based on the stage and survival expectancy of each tumor, along with reviewing all recent recommendations. The limited statistics published in this short period of time have obliged us to mainly focus on expert opinions, and the individualized clinical judgments should be agreed upon by multidisciplinary tumor board consensus. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic overshadows all aspects of medicine, and decision making in gynecological oncology patients requires precise and appropriate judgment based on the available local resources.

Objective: Gestational trophoblastic disease is a term that encompasses a spectrum of disorders all arising from the placenta. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone has an essential role in the diagnosis and management of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Measuring beta-hCG (B-hCG) levels is the only standard method of monitoring treatment response in patients on chemotherapy. Serial B-hCG levels are also helpful in defining the suitable approach and the dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs. Unfortunately, this marker may not be helpful in some cases. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the results of the ratio of B-hCG and hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin (H-hCG) in patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study in 22 patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia who were referred to an oncology clinic of an academic hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in Iran from December 2017 to May 2018. Inclusion criteria were plateau level of B-hCG (during 4 weeks) or persistent low level of hCG. After ruling out other etiologies, H-hCG level was measured and the H-hCG/total hCG ratio was evaluated. If the proportion was more than 20%, active gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was diagnosed, and if it was less than 20%, quiescent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia was diagnosed. In patients with active gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, interventional procedures involved a change in the dose intensity or chemotherapy or proposing a surgery. However, only serial follow-up was recommended in patients with quiescent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Then, the patients were followed during the therapy and the condition of patients was followed and recorded. Results: The mean age of patients was 31.36 ± 8.01 years. Hydatidiform mole was the most common diagnosis, accounting for approximately 64% (14) of patients. A total of 81% of patients were undergoing chemotherapy. The interval time between the onset of chemotherapy until plateau or persistent low level of hCG was 11.26 ± 4.03 weeks. The mean B-hCG level was 36.6 mIU/mL and the mean H-hCG/total hCG ratio was 6.24%. This proportion was less than 20% in 82% of patients. Among these patients, 14 patients (77.8%) had spontaneously normalized levels of B-hCG during a 6-month follow-up. Two cases underwent chemotherapy due to increased B-hCG. Other patients are still under follow-up without disease progression. Among 4 patients with a H-hCG/total hCG ratio >20%, hysterectomy was recommended to one patient duo to multiparity and the fact that the tumor was localized in the uterus. In the other patients, an increase in the dose of methotrexate or a change of chemotherapy regimen was performed, which caused a decrease in B-hCG level to normal. All patients are still under follow-up without disease progression. Conclusion: The data in this study suggests the use of H-hCG as a tumor marker in patients with persistent low level of B-hCG, which is useful to distinguish between quiescence gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which does not need treatment, from active gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. However, further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm and generalize the above findings. Keywords: gestational trophoblastic

Background:Appropriate determination of tidal volume (VT) is important for preventing ventilation induced lung injury. We compared hemodynamic and respiratory parameters in two conditions of receiving VTs calculated by using body weight (BW), which was estimated by measured height (HBW) or demi-span based body weight (DBW).Materials and Methods:This controlled-trial was conducted in St. Alzahra Hospital in 2009 on American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II, 18-65-years-old patients. Standing height and weight were measured and then height was calculated using demi-span method. BW and VT were calculated with acute respiratory distress syndrome-net formula. Patients were randomized and then crossed to receive ventilation with both calculated VTs for 20 min. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were analyzed with SPSS version 20.0 using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results:Forty nine patients were studied. Demi-span based body weight and thus VT (DTV) were lower than Height based body weight and VT (HTV) (P = 0.028), in male patients (P = 0.005). Difference was observed in peak airway pressure (PAP) and airway resistance (AR) changes with higher PAP and AR at 20 min after receiving HTV compared with DTV.Conclusions:Estimated VT based on measured height is higher than that based on demi-span and this difference exists only in females, and this higher VT results higher airway pressures during mechanical ventilation.