PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of immune checkpoint inhibitors as front-line treatment of multiple types of cancer. However, the serious immune-related adverse reactions limited the clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, despite the promising curative effects. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel inhibitors, such as small molecules, peptides or macrocycles, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to meet the increasing clinical demands. Our review discussed the mechanism of action of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and presented clinical trials of currently approved PD-1/PD-L1 targeted drugs and the incidence of related adverse reactions, helping clinicians pay more attention to them, better formulate their intervention and resolution strategies. At last, some new inhibitors whose patent have been published are listed, which provide development ideas and judgment basis for the efficacy and safety of novel PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.

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Negative bias temperature instability (NBTt) as one of CMOS device degradations has been extensively researched. Based on the theories of NBTI degradations, we optimize a reliability model for the frequency degradation of the ring oscillator (RO), and propose a new ring oscillator structure corresponding to the model. In this paper, the new ring oscillator is working under two different static stress modes. We found that the frequency degradation of the same RO is much different in different static stress modes, and the degree of the frequency degradation of different-stage ROs shows the same trend in different stress modes. The model is demonstrated by using the SMIC 65nm, I.2V technology.