The two-dimensional (2D) materials are naturally suitable for various flexible 2D optoelectronic devices, in which the direct band gap perseverance is crucial because the flexibility deformations often cause a bandgap transition and thus break performance of the devices. Most of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials such as monolayer MoS 2 , WS 2 and MoSe 2 have been thought to be not suitable for flexible optoelectronic devices due to their direct-to-indirect bandgap transition even under a small strain (~1%-2%) for any flexibility deformations. So far, only 2D phosphorene has been theoretically predicted to be able to keep direct bandgap property under a large strain. Here we report a 2D material lead iodide (PbI 2 ) mutilayer with a direct band gap and find by photoluminescence (PL) measurements that it maintains a direct bandgap nature under a large experimental strain up to 7.69%. Theoretical simulations support and explain well our experimental results.

Complex surface structures have stimulated a great deal of interests due to many potential applications in surface devices. However, in the fabrication of complex surface micro-/nanostructures, there are always great challenges in precise design, or good controllability, or low cost, or high throughput. Here, we present a route for the accurate design and highly controllable fabrication of surface quasi-three-dimensional (quasi-3D) structures based on a thermal deformation of simple two-dimensional laser-induced patterns. A complex quasi-3D structure, coaxially nested convex–concave microlens array, as an example, demonstrates our capability of design and fabrication of surface elements with this method. Moreover, by using only one relief mask with the convex–concave microlens structure, we have gotten hundreds of target patterns at different imaging planes, offering a cost-effective solution for mass production in lithography and imprinting, and portending a paradigm in quasi-3D manufacturing.