A review of past works on the formation of ferrite and pearlite in nodular cast iron is proposed. The effects of cooling rate after solidification and of nodule count on the formation of both constituents are stressed, though much emphasis is put on alloying elements and impurities.

In hypereutectic nodular cast irons, primary precipitation of graphite may lead to graphite flotation in thick section castings. Graphite degeneracy such as so-called exploded graphite is then often associated with this flotation phenomenon and it appears as precipitates where the nodular form is replaced by star-like or flower-like shape. It has been reported that exploded graphite develops after the primary spheroidal nodules have reached some tens of microns in diameter. In this contribution, a model for this transition is presented.

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A number of pure refractory metals have been investigated by drop-tube experiments. The cooling curves have been registered and theoretically analysed. A model for analysing the heat of fusion has been developed. It was found that the heat of fusion was approximately 50% of the tabulated value.