We assessed the photosynthetic responses of eight wheat varieties in conditions of a simulated heat wave in a transparent plastic tunnel for one week. We found that high temperatures (up to 38 °C at midday and above 20 °C at night) had a negative effect on the photosynthetic functions of the plants and provided differentiation of genotypes through sensitivity to heat. Measurements of gas exchange showed that the simulated heat wave led to a 40% decrease in photosynthetic activity on average in comparison to the control, with an unequal recovery of individual genotypes after a release from stress. Our results indicate that the ability to recover after heat stress was associated with an efficient regulation of linear electron transport and the prevention of over-reduction in the acceptor side of photosystem I.

To assess the reliability and sensitivity of non-invasive optical methods to detect the early effects of water deficit in the field, we analyzed the time-series of non-invasive measurements obtained in a dry season in a representative collection of wheat genotypes grown in small-plot field trials, in non-irrigated and irrigated variants. Despite a progressive water deficit and significant yield loss, the measurements indicated very minor changes in chlorophyll content or canopy cover. This corresponded well to the insignificant differences in spectral reflectance normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. On the other hand, we identified the significant and rapid response of fast fluorescence kinetics data following the onset of irrigation. Analysis of parameters showed the main effects of drought were associated with changes in the amplitude of the I–P phase of the OJIP transient, indicating changes at the level of photosystem I and beyond. Statistical analyses identified the integrative parameter performance index PItot as the most sensitive parameter, which well-reflects the differences in responses of the genotypes to water deficit. Our results suggest that focusing on photosynthetic functions detected by the rapid chlorophyll fluorescence records can provide more accurate information on the drought stress level, compared to the structural data obtained by absorbance or reflectance measurements.

In our experiments, we examined high light responses and photosynthetic capacity of chlorophyll-less isogenic mutant lines of hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) in comparison to parental lines representing the wild type (WT), in two growth phases and two environments. In young plants, we observed a typical yellow-green phenotype with low chlorophyll content, significantly lower CO assimilation rate, elevated chlorophyll a-to-b ratio and insufficient regulation of linear electron transport. In the mutants grown in a moderate light in the growth chamber, a typical "chlorina" phenotype almost disappeared or, at least, was significantly alleviated in later growth stages, including the values of CO assimilation and the majority of the measured parameters related to photoprotective responses. On the other hand, in the case of the mutant lines grown in direct sunlight and fluctuating environment, the chlorophyll-less phenotype was evident also in latter growth phases. The chlorophyll-less phenotype was more severe in the durum wheat mutant lines compared to the bread wheat. For example, the durum wheat mutant lines grown outdoors expressed lower flexibility of photoprotective responses, including lower non-photochemical quenching and low rate of cyclic electron flow compared to WT or bread wheat mutants. Based on the analyses, we have identified a set of parameters providing information on the specific photosynthetic traits typical for the chlorophyll-less phenotype. Thus, the proposed way of phenotyping may serve for efficient selection of mutant genotypes for future research or screening activities. As a general result, we observed that the decrease of the chlorophyll content due to mutation was always associated with improper regulation of linear electron transport and a limited ability to prevent over-reduction of PSI acceptor side, regardless of the genotype, environment, and growth stage. This can partly explain why the low chlorophyll mutants were not successful in the evolution of higher plants, despite the photosynthetic capacity observed is high enough and they are fully competitive with wild-type plants in non-fluctuating controlled environment.