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S Using a sample of 1,050 Dutch elementary school children who were in Grades 2 and 4 at the outset of the research, this study explored (a) the longitudinal effects of television viewing on children's reading comprehension, (b) the causal mechanisms that underlie television's longitudinal effects on reading comprehension, and (c) the longitudinal effects of television viewing on children's decoding skills. The children were surveyed three times, at 1‐year intervals. Structural equations analyses suggested that television viewing inhibited the development of children's reading comprehension in both 1‐year intervals of the study. Television's inhibitory effect on reading comprehension was not sensitive to children's IQ and socioeconomic status, but did depend on types of programs watched. Partial support was found for two causal mechanisms underlying television's inhibitory effect on reading comprehension: (a) a television‐induced reduction in leisure‐time book reading and (b) a television‐induced depreciation of reading. Watching subtitled foreign television programs was found to stimulate the development of decoding skills. SE UTILIZÓ una muestra de 1.050 niños hol andeses de escuela primaria que estaban en 2° y 4° grado al comenzar la investigación. El estudio exploró (a) los efectos longitudinales de mirar televisión en la comprensión lectora de los niños, (b) los mecanismos causales que subyacen a los efectos longitudinales de la televisión sobre la comprensión lectora, y (c) los efectos longitudinales de mirar televisión en las habilidades de decodificación de los niños. Los niños fueron examinados tres veces, con intervalos de un año. Los análisis de ecuaciones estructurales sugieren que mirar televisión inhibió el desarrollo de la comprensión lectora en ambos intervalos de un año del estudio. El efecto inhibidor de la televisión sobre la comprensión lectora no fue sensible al CI y estatus socioeconómica o ESE de los niños, pero dependió de los tipos de programas mirados. Se encontró evidencia parcial de dos mecanismos causales subyacentes al efecto inhibidor de la televisión sobre la comprensión lectora: (a) una reducción, inducida por la televisión, del tiempo de lectura por placer y (b) una desvalorización de la lectura inducida por la televisión. Se observó también que mirar programas de televisión extranjeros subtitulados estimula el desarrollo de las habilidades de decodificación. UNTER VERWENDUNG eines Samples von 1050 niederländischen Grundschulkindern, die sich zu Beginn der Untersuchung auf der zweiten und vierten Schulstufe befanden, erforschte die Studie (a) die Langzeiteffekte, die Fernsehen bei der Sinnerfassung beim Lesen bewirkt, (b) die kausalen Zusammenhänge, die den FernsehLangzeiteffekten hinsichtlich der Sinnerfassung beim Lesen zugrunde liegen, und (c) die Langzeiteffekte des Fernsehens auf die Dekodierfähigkeiten von Kindern. Die Schüler wurden dreimal überprüft, in einjährigen Intervallen. Strukturelle Analysen nach dem Gleichsetzungsprinzip legen den Schluß nahe, daß das Fer...

Experiments were carried out to investigate the correlation between the perceptual and physical space of 11 vowel sounds. The signals were single periods out of the constant vowel part of normally spoken words of the t313e h(vowel)t, generated continuously by computer. Pitch, loudness, onset, and duration were

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Psychological predictors of quality of life in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty were investigated using a prospective model based on self-regulation and stress-coping theories. Predictors (chest pain, disturbance of personal goals, stress perception, approach coping, avoidant coping, and optimism) and three quality of life indicators (disease-specific quality of life, positive affect, and negative affect) were measured with questionnaires in 158 patients both when they were admitted on the waiting list for angioplasty and 3 months after angioplasty. The results were congruent with expectations based on the theories and indicated that the models predicting disease-specific quality of life and negative affect fit the data well. Avoidant Coping and Stress Perception predicted all quality of life indicators. Goal Disturbance predicted only negative quality of life variables, and Approach Coping predicted only positive quality of life variables. Chest Pain predicted Disease-Specific Quality of Life and Positive Affect. Optimism served as a coping resource. Individualized behavior modification interventions were recommended, but the data suggest that patients may not be easily persuaded to engage in health behavior.