and urea metabolism in the little skate Raja erinacea. Am. J. Physiol. 220(3) : 742-746. 197 1 .-Little skates, Raja erinacea, were transferred gradually (4 days) from full to approximately half-strength seawater. Steady-state conditions (with respect to solute and water balance) were established by the end of the dilution program. The skates were maintained in the dilute environment for an additional 4 days and then gradually (4 days) returned to 100 y0 seawater.
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