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In a tractor, the transmission system transmits the power generated in the engine to the driving wheels, hydraulic systems, and power take-off (PTO). There are several types of transmission systems available in the Brazilian market ranging from the simplest to the most advanced. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify the different types of transmission systems present in 228 models of agricultural tractors produced and marketed in Brazil during 2019. The tractor models were grouped based on the engine power and the transmission systems were classified as sliding, partially synchronized, synchronized, semi powershift, full powershift, and continuously variable transmission (CVT). According to this classification, it was found that most tractors belonged to Class III (51.5-73.5 kW) with 66 models in total. However, even with continuous modernization in this field and with tractors becoming increasingly independent from the operator, 66% of transmission systems are still mechanical. However, CVT systems, which are available only in tractors with an engine power above 117.7 kW, are expected to be equipped on less powerful tractors in the coming decades.

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The agricultural tractor is the main mobile energy source in rural companies, with power take-off being one of the most important uses of the energy produced by the engine. This study evaluates the torque and power demand required to activate active parts of agricultural equipment through tractor power take-off in different working conditions. For this, a boom sprayer, an atomizer, a rotary hoe, and a rotary ditcher were used. The experimental design for the sprayers was completely randomized, with working pressures of 150, 240, and 310 kPa for the boom sprayer and flow rates of 11.5, 13.0, and 22.0 L min h -1 for the atomizer. The randomized block experimental design, in a bi-factorial design (3 x 2), was used for the rotary hoe and rotary ditcher, with three speeds (2.10; 2.60 and 3.10 km h -1 ) and two soil conditions for the rotary hoe (one harrowing and two harrowings) and two working depths for the rotary ditcher (0.10 m and 0.20 m). Torque and power values were obtained using a torque indicator installed between the power take-off and the universal joint shaft, which links the tractor to the equipment. From the data obtained, it was concluded that the boom sprayer demanded the highest torque and power at the highest working pressure. The rotary ditcher increased torque and power demand as speed and working depth increased.

DEMANDA ENERGÉTICA NA SEMEADURA DA SOJA COM DIFERENTES CONFIGURAÇÕES DE SULCADORES   MARCELO SILVEIRA DE FARIAS1, JOSÉ FERNANDO SCHLOSSER2, LEONARDO CASALI2, MATEUS CASSOL CELLA3, ALFRAN TELLECHEA MARTINI4   1 Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, km 40, CEP 98400-000, Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, silveira_farias@hotmail.com. 2 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima n°1000, Bairro Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, josefernandoschlosser@gmail.com; leonardo.casali@yahoo.com.br. 3 Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima n°1000, Bairro Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mateus996@gmail.com. 4 Coordenadoria Acadêmica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Cachoeira do Sul, Rua Ernesto Barros, n° 1345, Bairro Santo Antônio, CEP 96506-310, Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, alfrantm@gmail.com.   RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a demanda energética requerida por uma semeadora-adubadora para plantio direto, com diferentes configurações de sulcadores na implantação da cultura da soja, em áreas de várzea. O experimento foi conduzido em duas áreas agrícolas, tipicamente cultivadas com arroz irrigado, localizadas na região Central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos aleatorizados, em arranjo bifatorial, sendo avaliadas quatro configurações de sulcadores (haste sulcadora, haste sulcadora com sistema tapa-sulco, disco ondulado e disco duplo), em duas áreas de características distintas (área agrícola 1 e área agrícola 2). As variáveis estudadas foram: força na barra de tração, velocidade real de trabalho, patinamento das rodas motrizes do trator e consumo específico de combustível. Com base nas análises dos resultados obtidos neste estudo pode-se afirmar que, os mecanismos sulcadores influenciam na demanda energética do conjunto mecanizado, independentemente da área agrícola. O consumo específico de combustível com o uso de hastes sulcadoras quando comparado aos discos foi 0,7 vezes menor, para ambas as áreas.   Palavras-chave: mecanização agrícola, força de tração, consumo de combustível, eficiência.   ENERGY DEMAND OF IN SOYBEAN SOWING WITH DIFFERENT FURROWER CONFIGURATIONS   ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate the energy demand required by a seeder-fertilizer for direct planting, with different configurations of furrowers in the implantation of soybean culture, in lowland areas. The experiment was conducted in two agricultural areas, typically cultivated with irrigated rice, located in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A randomized block design was used, in a bifactorial arrangement, and four furrow configurations (shank, shank with furrow-groove system, corrugated disc and double disc) were evaluated in two areas with different characteristics (agricultural area 1 and agricultural area 2). The variables studied were drawbar pull, real travel speed, the slippage of the driving wheels of the tractor and specific fuel consumption. Based on the analysis of the results obtained in this study, it can be said that the furrow mechanisms influence the energy demand of the mechanized set, regardless of the agricultural area. Specific fuel consumption with the use of shanks instead of disks was 0.7 times lower, for both areas.   Keywords: Agricultural mechanization, drawbar pull, fuel consumption, efficiency