Unlike the available mineral resources, the steelmaking processes have demanded raw material with lower phosphorus content to decrease the costs, energy use, and the residue generated within the steel plant. One alternative is to develop pretreatment of the iron ore concentrates producing raw materials with lower phosphorus. Depending on the mineral structure, a heat treatment combined with leaching could be an efficient way to achieve concentrates with low phosphorus (less than 0.01%), suitable for steelmaking processes. A fast and efficient way of applying energy to iron ore particles is the use of microwave to heat the particles. Thus, we propose a treatment using microwave heating while mixing with a dilute aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, followed by quenching during leaching with water, as a feasible route for the phosphorus removal from iron ore particles. We performed a design of experiment (DOE) to investigate the optimal conditions of heating and leaching, which maximize the rate of phosphorus removal. The structure of the iron ore particles after their treatment with microwave energy was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thus, we analyze the optimal conditions for heating and leaching, the structure of the iron ore particles and which mechanism and rate equations are controlling the phosphorus removal. The results indicated that the average heating time is 10 min, the size of the crack of the order of 20µm and a leaching time of 8 min are adequate to achieve less than 0.01% of phosphorus. We demonstrated that under the most favorable combination of conditions for heating followed by leaching proposed in this study, the removal of the phosphorus content in the iron ore samples could reach 100%.
Versão de trabalho apresentado na ABM WEEK 2018 a ResumoEste trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo da resistência a corrosão da liga de magnésio AZ31 tratada termicamente por solubilização e diferentes tempos de envelhecimento, submetida ao teste de polarização cíclica em solução de 3,5% de NaCl. Amostras da liga foram solubilizadas a 440 °C por 24 horas. Após a solubilização três amostras foram envelhecidas a 220 °C; por 2, 6 e 12 horas, respectivamente. Foram realizadas análises microestruturais com a finalidade de compreender as alterações microestruturais advindas dos tratamentos térmicos realizados. As amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de polarização cíclica com a finalidade de correlacionar o efeito das mudanças alcançadas pelos tratamentos térmicos na resistência à corrosão da liga de magnésio AZ31. O comportamento das curvas de polarização cíclica foi semelhante para todas as amostras, sugerindo tendência a corrosão por pite. Não houve variação significativa nos valores de potencial de corrosão, sugerindo que os tratamentos térmicos aplicados não influenciaram a resistência a corrosão da liga. Palavra-chave: Liga de magnésio; AZ31; Corrosão; Polarização cíclica.
A numerical simulation procedure is proposed for analyzing the partial replacement of pulverized coal injection by hydrogen, oxygen, and blast furnace gas (BFG) injections mixed with pulverized coal (PCI) within the tuyeres of large blast furnaces. The massive use of hydrogen-rich gas is extremely interesting for ironmaking blast furnaces in the context of net-zero carbon hot metal production. Likewise, this new approach allows for increasing productivity and for reducing the specific emissions of carbon dioxide toward a net-zero carbon ironmaking technology. Nevertheless, the mixture of pulverized coal injection and gas injection is a complex technology. In addition to the impact on chemical reactions and energy exchange, the internal temperature and gas flow patterns can also change drastically. With a view to assessing the state of the furnace in this complex operation, a comprehensive mathematical model utilizing multiphase theory was developed. The model simultaneously handles bulk solids (sinter, pellets, small coke, granular coke, and also iron ore), gas, liquid metal and slag, and coal powder phases. The associated conservation equations take into account momentum, mass, chemical species, and energy while being discretized and solved using finite volume techniques. The numerical model was validated against the reference operating conditions using 220 kg per ton of pig iron (kg/tHM) of pulverized coal. Therefore, the combined injection of different concentrations of fuel hydrogen, blast furnace gas, and oxygen was simulated for replacing 40, 60, and 80 kg/tHM of coal injection. Theoretical analysis showed that the best scenario with stable operation conditions could be achieved with a productivity increase of 20% corresponding to a CO2 reduction of 15% and 60 kg/tHM of PCI replacement.
Este texto traz discussões de pesquisa sobre a evasão em cursos técnicos a distância, tendo em vista os altos índices apresentados. Fundamentados, principalmente, em Heijmans, Fini e Lüscher (2013), Vygotsky e Luria (2017), e Lobo (2012), foi desenvolvida análise qualitativa dos dados coletados. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados foram questionário semiaberto e entrevista com alunos evadidos. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos participantes (60%) afirmou que deixou o curso por questões de trabalho ligadas à situação financeira, mencionando ter sido questão de sobrevivência familiar. Em seguida, aparecem outros problemas familiares. Quanto aos motivos institucionais, aparecem a não adaptação à metodologia de educação a distância, reclamações a respeito do apoio pedagógico por tutores sem formação na área da disciplina, poucas aulas práticas e problemas de comunicação interna e externa. Foi possível perceber que a decisão pela evasão ocorre como resultado de reflexões que o estudante faz a partir de frustrações, sendo que a maioria das decisões pela evasão não vêm em função de um único problema, mas sim da conjugação entre frustrações ligadas ao curso e suas dificuldades sociais naquele momento.
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