In this paper, the empirical analysis finds that the dynamics of inflation and unemployment can be described by a Phillips curve when allowing for a positive co-movement between trendadjusted productivity and unemployment. This suggests that improvements in productivity have been achieved by laying off the least productive part of the labor force. Furthermore, the natural rate of unemployment is a function of the long-term interest rate, indicating that monetary policy is not completely neutral in the long run. This result rejects the natural rate hypothesis and, at the same time, provides empirical support for the structural slump theory in a world of imperfect knowledge. The recent theory of imperfect knowledge economics (IKE) seems to address the problem that many economic models lack: persistence in the observed data. By combining IKE and the structural slumps theory it is possible to obtain predictions that are theoretically and empirically consistent.
The long and persistent swings in the real exchange rate have for a long time puzzled economists. Recent models built on imperfect knowledge economics seem to provide a theoretical explanation for this persistence. Empirical results, based on a cointegrated vector autoregressive (CVAR) model, provide evidence of error-increasing behavior in prices and interest rates, which is consistent with the persistence observed in the data. The movements in the real exchange rate are compensated by movements in the interest rate spread, which restores the equilibrium in the product market when the real exchange rate moves away from its long-run benchmark value. Fluctuations in the copper price also explain the deviations of the real exchange rate from its long-run equilibrium value.
Antecedentes: Estudiamos cómo el nivel de empleo agregado se ajustó en la economía chilena, posterior a la llamada crisis asiática. Contrastamos distintas hipótesis que se han esgrimido en el debate público, y que no han sido probadas formalmente, sobre las razones por las cuales el nivel de empleo tardó tanto tiempo en recuperar los niveles precrisis. Métodos: Especificamos y estimamos un modelo de vectores autorregresivos con series de tiempo para el trimestre 1995.1-2007.4 y aplicamos el método de Johansen para identificar vectores de cointegración. Resultados: Estimamos un vector de cointegración que representa la función de demanda laboral. Realizamos las siguientes pruebas de hipótesis sobre esta función: homogeneidad de grado cero en precios, elasticidad producto de la demanda unitaria; quiebre estructural en el intercepto de esta función; cambio en la elasticidad producto de la demanda laboral de largo plazo entre subperiodos y existencia de costos de ajuste. Conclusiones: Inestabilidad en la elasticidad demanda del ingreso en la función de demanda por trabajo en Chile posterior a la crisis asiática, pero no en la dirección sugerida por el debate previo. Adicionalmente, el factor que contribuyó en forma más decisiva a la lenta recuperación del empleo posterior a la crisis fue el costo de ajuste presentes en la economía chilena.
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