The dairy industry in Kenya is an important source of livelihood among the smallholder farmers who supply over 70% of the total milk. However, there is a growing concern on rising costs of milk production among farmers. The study assessed profit efficiency of smallholder dairying in the Rift Valley and Central Provinces of Kenya using stochastic frontier analysis for estimating farm level profit efficiency and identifying the specific determinants of efficiency. The results showed that the farmers are fairly profit efficient with an average of about 68%. Cost of fodder produced on farm significantly improved profit efficiency among farmers. However dairy profit efficiency can be enhanced if fodder production is embraced, as well as other supplemental feed technologies that are commensurate with local conditions. Institutional policy reforms on smallholder dairying will help protect the industry and its sustainability for smallholders.