Titanium alloys are well-known by their excellent corrosion resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio. The aerospace industry has been taking advantage of those properties and enhancing them with novel manufacturing techniques such as Additive Manufacturing (AM). However, the naval and offshore industry has very limited use of those benefits. This is mainly due to technical limitations such as small-scale parts and low deposition rates of the most common AM processes. This work presents a review of the state-of-the-art in AM and its applications, in which relevant publications related to this important area of investigation are considered. Initially, titanium is described as the main alloy. The Laser Engineered Net-Shape (LENS TM ), Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM @ ) and Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) processes are presented. Given that WAAM offers potential solutions for size and deposition rates with design challenges and new materials for component fabrication, at the end of the chapter, applications from the naval and offshore areas where this method is used are shown.

Fatigue can be understood as a process of progressive localized plastic strain that occurs in a material subject to cyclic stresses and strains at high stress concentration locations, whose concentration can cause cracks and culminate in the material's fracture. The fatigue process begins with the appearance of the crack, later on with growth, and finally propagation. The study of this phenomenon can be divided into the function of the material life in low and high cycle fatigue, but some studies address problems in the ultra-low and high number of cycles. This chapter addresses aspects of low cycle fatigue, as it is a relatively unexplored area and for which there are few references. Therefore, the main objective of this text is to describe the main aspects of low cycle fatigue, presenting diverse applications and potential problems in the context of fatigue behavior of materials. For this contribution, a review of the technical literature will be presented, considering relevant publications in the last decade. The text overview considers experimental and numerical aspects, fatigue damage, fracture behavior, thermomechanical fatigue, as well as real cases describing how a low-cycle fatigue problem can be defined and the way to approach it through the use of engineering tools found in the literature. Even though the low-cycle fatigue approach and analysis technique covers all engineering, the purpose of this chapter will be on marine and ocean engineering. Several cases described in the reviewed works will be addressed, where problems related to welded structures, turbines, pipelines, risers, mooring chains, floating systems, and wind platforms are presented, situations related to marine and offshore equipment will also be described, showing how low cycle fatigue can present itself in the various situations above, considering that low-cycle fatigue problems can cause structures to fracture, which could consequently cause serious injuries to life and marine environment. At the end of the chapter, potential applications and problems where this phenomenon can appear will be presented.