Introduction Still too many deaths and injuries are a result of road safety limitations within Europe. Road safety measures aimed to change the road environment to reduce the risks on driver errors and to reduce the seriousness of the effects of driver errors are expected to increase road safety. A suitable combination of new technologies with existing infrastructure, or with limited improvements of it, may lead to much more cost-effective solutions . The In-Safety project was aimed at determining which safety measures are expected to be most effective and in the project also evaluations were performed in pilot sites and modeling laboratories. Methods The methodological approach for the selection and prioritization of the initial set of safety measures is presented and discussed, based on an accident analysis. First, the general approach is described, then the method is presented including the definition of a scenario, how accident statistics are used as a starting point, the generation of safety measures, and the method of selection of safety measures. Finally, the AHP multicriteria analysis method, involved in the final prioritisation of the selected safety measures is presented briefly. Results and conclusion The methodology proves to be appropriate for generating and evaluating self explaining road environment measures and forgiving measures, but safety measures in the urban environment were underrepresented, due to stakeholders' preferences.

Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) systems support drivers to comply with the legal speed limits. This functionality is expected to become increasingly important in speed management if integrated well with more traditional speed management measures. Based on state-of-the-art scientific literature, this study describes the current knowledge on the effects of ISA and the willingness of stakeholders to adopt ISA. Although the expected effects of the various ISA types are promising and stakeholders are willing to adopt ISA, the largescale deployment of ISA is still lacking. The main challenges with respect to ISA deployment relate to its social and political feasibility. Overall, a more active role of public authorities is recommended on ISA deployment, especially for ISA systems that actively intervene in the driving task.

Co-operative road-vehicle systems, such as dynamic navigation and in a later stadium traffic-responsive adaptive cruise control, are expected to contribute to traffic safety and efficiency. However, it is not yet clear which concepts of co-operative systems would be viable from an implementation point of view. Therefore, the objective of the research presented in this paper was to gain knowledge into the expectations about co-operative road- vehicle systems and the driving forces and barriers of stakeholders. To obtain this information, semi-structured interviews were held with six experts and seventeen stakeholders. The qualitative interview data was structured in a database that was used to perform the analysis. Of all the concepts of co-operative road-vehicle systems mentioned by the interview participants, five were recognised as potentially viable: Navigation systems, Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), Traffic responsive Adaptive Cruise Control, Intersection support and Information systems. A deployment path for these systems was constructed based on the two main routes for deployment recognised that focused on Telematics and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems respectively. Two viable concepts were identified at the point where positive expectations about cooperative road-vehicle systems and the driving forces of stakeholders coincided. Obligatory half-open ISA relieves barriers such as market penetration and profitability and is expected to have positive effects on efficiency and safety. A multifunctional information platform would increase efficiency for commercial transportation.

Driven by an increasing concern about urban liveability, climate change, and healthy life styles, amongst others, researchers are aiming to better understand why people bicycle and what could induce them to cycle more. Given the importance of local conditions and culture, there is not just one general answer to those questions. Furthermore, there is an ongoing debate on which methodological approach delivers the most meaningful results. This commentary outlines the current position of bicycle research on the question of why people bicycle and proposes ways of moving forward.