The retention of radionuclides by interaction with mineral phases has significant consequences for the planning of their short-and long-term disposal to geological systems. An understanding of binding mechanisms is important in determining the ultimate fate of radionuclides following release into natural systems and will give increased confidence in predictive models. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been used to study the local environment of uranium taken up from aqueous solution by the surfaces of goethite, lepidocrocite, muscovite, and mackinawite. On both iron hydroxides uranium uptake occurs by surface complexation and ceases when the surface is saturated. The muscovite surface does not become saturated and uptake increases linearly suggesting formation of a uranium phase on the surface. Uranium uptake on mackinawite also suggests a replacement or precipitation process. XAS indicates that bidentate inner-sphere surface complexes are formed on the iron hydroxides by coordination of two surface oxygens from an iron octahedron in the equatorial plane of the complex. Uranium uptake on muscovite may occur through surface precipitation, the first layer of uranium atoms binding through equatorial coordination of two adjacent surface oxygens from a silicate tetrahedron, with the axial oxygens of the uranyl unit aligned across the hexagonal "cavities" created by the rings of tetrahedra. At low concentrations, uptake on mackinawite occurs at locally oxidized regions on the surface via a similar mechanism to that on iron hydroxides. At the highest concentrations, equatorial oxygen bond distances around 2.0-2.1 Å are observed, inconsistent with the presence of uranyl species. The average number of axial oxygens also decreases with increasing concentration, and these results suggest partial reduction of uranium. The nature of these different surface reactions plays an important role in assessing the geochemical behavior of uranium in natural systems, particularly under reducing conditions.

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