This study examined risk and protective factors for criminal reoffending behaviour among a group of Canadian young people who had committed at least one substantive criminal offence in the past and fell into one of four ethnic groups: (a) Canadian born, parents Canadian born; (b) Aboriginal/Métis; (c) first or second generation immigrant, Caucasian; and (d) first or second generation immigrant, other ethnic background. Risk and protective factors were classified into five domains: individual; family; peer; school; and community. Consistent with previous research, the findings did not reveal many instances where statistically significant differences existed in the presence of risk and protective factors across ethnic groups; however, significant differences that were observed were across a wide range of variables. The implications of the findings within the context of previous research in this area are discussed.

Gangs and gang-related crime have been an increasing concern in Alberta in recent decades. Gang exit strategies have been identified in the Alberta Gang Reduction Strategy (Government of Alberta, 2010) as a key activity in reducing gang-related violent crime and violence in the province. The purpose of this article is to explore available academic and gray literature on gang exit to support the development of gang exit interventions in the province. Findings from the review point to the diversity and complexity of gang involvement and membership, and the consequent need for multidimensional approaches to gang exit. Exit programs must address the root causes of membership, and identify and address barriers to pro-social activities. The complexity of gang membership also requires a strategic approach to programming that includes single case management, intensive training, and targeted outreach, as well as multiple systems involvement. Importantly, as Alberta moves forward with its Gang Reduction Strategy, systematic, comprehensive research studies on the "gang problem" in Alberta and its associated impact on the community are vital for the development of effective intervention strategies.Keywords: gangs, Alberta, gang exit, gang exit processes, gang exit strategies Leslie MacRae-Krisa, M.A. is coordinator of Alberta-based research projects for the Canadian Research Institute for Law and the Family. Contact details:

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