The aim of this paper is to determine the flux emergence rate due to small-scale magnetic features in the quiet Sun using high-resolution Hinode SOT NFI data. Small-scale magnetic features are identified in the data using two different feature identification methods (clumping and downhill); then three methods are applied to detect flux emergence events. The distribution of the intranetwork peak emerged fluxes is determined. When combined with previous emergence results, from ephemeral regions to sunspots, the distribution of all fluxes are found to follow a power-law distribution which spans nearly seven orders of magnitude in flux (10 16 -10 23 Mx) and 18 orders of magnitude in frequency. The power-law fit to all these data is of the formwhere 0 = 10 16 Mx and is used to predict a global flux emergence rate of ≈ 450 Mx cm −2 day −1 from all features with fluxes of 10 16 Mx or more. Since the slope of all emerged fluxes is less than −2, this implies that most of the new flux that is fed into the solar atmosphere is from small-scale emerging events. This suggests that the rate of flux emergence is independent of the solar cycle and is equivalent to a global rate of flux emergence of more than a few times 10 25 Mx day −1 . The single power-law distribution over all emerged fluxes implies a scale-free dynamo, therefore indicating that a turbulent dynamo may act throughout the convection zone. Moreover, from the slope of the emerging flux distribution the (turbulent?) dynamo producing small-scale features produces considerably more flux than the active-region dynamo at the tachocline.

This study, based on a 2008 survey of news directors in the top 100 U.S. markets and editors at U.S. newspapers with circulations greater than 25, 000, found evidence of a decline in the print-broadcast convergence model. Only about half the responding newsrooms had convergence partners, and notable percentages had ended collaborations. Among the remaining partners, convergence was often practiced at a low level of integration that did not include online collaboration. Instead, most TV stations and newspapers were following what the authors call a “Webvergence” model, producing multimedia independently for their own Web sites.

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The image-sharing social media platform Instagram has become a site for political discourse that combines visual and textual elements. These political conversations often take place in the form of memes or popular graphic sentiments intended for redistribution. Scholars have identified memes as markers of subcultural knowledge that may be used to reinforce beliefs and norms, define social boundaries and disparage outgroups. Gun rights activism in the United States has intensified in an increasingly partisan environment. We examined memes shared via Instagram to popular gun culture hashtags between June 2016 and February 2018. Insofar as memes act as vehicles for subcultural beliefs and values, here they may be seen as representing multiple realities from the perspective of Second Amendment enthusiasts: descriptions of their perceived reality, justifying the need for guns and conservative political positions; the construed reality of what the meme creators and sharers believe to be liberal attitudes; and the aspirational reality of a world that offers unobstructed support for their priorities. In other words, these memes can collectively be said to represent both the truth about the world, as seen by these users, and cultural messages to set power differentials and identity boundaries with Others.