Cold is a typical environmental stress factor that limits the geographical distribution and growth of various plants. It affects crop quality and productivity. In the contemporary years, with the plant cold‐resistant genetic engineering development, great progress was obtained in this field. This paper gave a general statement about the development of plant cold resistantance on the level of unsaturated fatty acids, protective enzymes, functional genes and regulation genes, aiming to provide some useful information and ideas to researchers who work on plant cold breeding and the mechanism of cold resistance. As research continues, we could develop further multiple resistant plant species.

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BackgroundMore than a dozen of fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) have been identified to date, most of which are from Ganoderma species. However, little is known about the similarities and differences between different Ganoderma FIPs’ bioactivities. In the current study, two FIP genes termed FIP-gap1 and FIP-gap2 from G. applanatum, along with LZ-8 and FIP-gsi, another two representative Ganoderma FIP genes from G. lucidum and G. sinense were functionally expressed in Pichia. Subsequently, bioactivities of four recombinant Ganoderma FIPs were demonstrated and compared.ResultsAll the four Ganoderma FIP genes could be effectively expressed in P. pastoris GS115 at expression levels ranging from 197.5 to 264.3 mg L− 1 and simply purified by one step chromatography using HisTrap™ FF prepack columns. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that they all possessed the FIP conserved fragments. The homologies of different Ganoderma FIPs were from 72.6 to 86.4%. In vitro haemagglutination exhibited that FIP-gap1, FIP-gsi and LZ-8 could agglutinate human, sheep and mouse red blood cells but FIP-gap2 agglutinated none. Besides, the immunomodulation activities of these Ganoderma FIPs were as: rFIP-gap2 > rFIP-gap1 > rLZ-8 and rFIP-gsi in terms of proliferation stimulation and cytokine induction on murine splenocytes. Additionally, the cytotoxic activity of different FIPs was: rFIP-gap1 > rLZ-8 > rFIP-gsi > rFIP-gap2, examined by their inhibition of three human carcinomas A549, Hela and MCF-7.ConclusionsTaken together, four typical Ganoderma FIP genes could be functionally expressed in P. pastoris, which might supply as feasible efficient resources for further study and application. Both similarities and differences were indeed observed between Ganoderma FIPs in their amino acid sequences and bioactivities. Comprehensively, rFIP-gaps from G. applanatum proved to be more effective in immunomodulation and cytotoxic assays in vitro than rLZ-8 (G. lucidum) and rFIP-gsi (G. sinense).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0488-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

LpGPAT was obtained from L. pensylvanicum using RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The cloned full-length cDNA was 1544 bp; it encoded 410 amino acids and had a molecular size of 46 KDa. The nucleic acid sequence analysis showed that it shared high homology with other known GPATs. SMAT result suggests that there is a PlsC that exists in 176-322 amino acid sequence of LpGAPT; it means LpGPAT protein is a member of the family of acyltransferase and has acyltransferase enzymatic activity. Result of real-time quantitative PCR and semiquantitative PCR support LpGPAT gene is definitely induced by low temperature stress.