PM2.5 is a class of airborne particles and droplets with sustained high levels in many developing countries. Epidemiological studies have indicated that PM2.5 is closely associated with the increased morbidity and mortality of lung cancer in the world. Unfortunately, the effects of PM2.5 on lung cancer are largely unknown. In the present study, we attempted to explore the role of PM2.5 in the etiology of NSCLC. Here, we found that longterm PM2.5 exposure led to significant pulmonary injury. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSC) properties were highly induced by PM2.5 exposure. EMT was evidenced by the significant upregulation of MMP2, MMP9, TGF-β1, α-SMA, Fibronectin and Vimentin. Lung cancer progression was associated with the increased expression of Kras, c-Myc, breast cancer resistance protein BCRP (ABCG2), OCT4, SOX2 and Aldh1a1, but the decreased expression of p53 and PTEN. Importantly, mice with IL-17a knockout (IL-17a-/-) showed significantly alleviated lung injury and CSC properties following PM2.5 exposure. Also, IL-17a-/-attenuated tumor growth was recovered in PM2.5-exposed mice injected with recombinant mouse IL-17a, accompanied with significantly restored lung metastasis. Taken together, these data revealed that PM2.5 could promote the progression of lung cancer by enhancing the proliferation and metastasis through IL-17a signaling.

Single ventricular myocytes and mitochondria were isolated from swine hearts follow enzymatic dissociation procedures. Experiments were carried under tapping mode AFM with 125&55¦ÍÌm scanner and Si3N4 probes at 340–430 kHz. High resolution AFM data of single myocytes and mitochondria were collected simultaneously which show ultrastructure features including striated pattern of contractile proteins, sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. From the images, we reached longitudinal columns of contractile proteins which separated by valleys, and surface invaginations separated by transverse tubules which dip into the fiber interior and mitochondria were compressed between the contractile machinery which abundant in myocardium to provide energy. These images show that there is a consistent relationship between grooves and Z lines which clue to Z line must be attached firmly to plasmolemma. At last, we have tried to do some research by putting the samples into different physiological buffer and the similar results can be collected but lacking of enough equilibrium. And the CM‐AFM experiments intended to appear the damage of cantilever and the biological sample, so we selected the TM‐AFM rather than the CM‐AFM.

Background: The length limit of tracheal resection is less than five centimeters. Up to know, there is no any report about resection of more than five centimeters for tracheal tumors. We created a new technique and successfully remove 124 tracheal tumors more than 5 cm in length and 52 lung cancer invaded trachea through dissociation heart and great vessels. Here, we report the results of 176 patients surgically treated in series. Method: All patients were given general anesthesia and single cavity endotracheal intubation. After thoracotomy, the right pericardium was totally excised, the heart, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, ascending aorta and innominate artery were dissociated. Then, thoracic trachea, left and right main bronchus were dissociated; the proximal and distal end of trachea, or left and right main bronchus, or left main bronchus and right middle trunk bronchus were cut off. Fallowing, the distal end of trachea was anastomosed to the proximal end of trachea, or anastomosed to the left and right main bronchus, or anastomosed to the left main bronchus and right middle trunk bronchus with 3-0 micro Joe lines. Finally, the pulmonary artery sleeve reconstruction was performed, and resection and reconstruction of SVC was performed. Result: There were 124 patients with tracheal tumor over than 5cm in length and 52 patients with lung cancer invaded trachea. The length of trachea tumor was 5.5 cm to 10.9 cm. 5 tracheal tumor involved SVC and combined with SVCS. The trachea length invaded by the cancer was 4.5cm-7.0cm in the 52 patients with lung cancer. Of the 52 cases, 10 cancer invaded right main pulmonary artery, 22 cancer involved right main pulmonary artery and SVC. The operative procedures included: (1) resection and reconstruction of trachea, or combined with carina in 124 cases, and combined with resection and reconstruction of SVC in 5 cases in the tracheal tumor group; (2) Sleeve right upper lobectomy combined with resection and reconstruction of trachea and carina in 52 cases, combined with sleeve pulmonary artery in 10 cases, combined with sleeve pulmonary artery, and resection and reconstruction of SVC in 32 cases of lung cancer group. There were 5 operative death in this series. The 1-, 3-, 5-and 10year survival were 71.2%, 54.3%, 33.1% and 22.5%. Conclusion: We pioneered a new technique and treated 124 tracheal tumor more than 5 cm in length and 52 lung cancer invaded trachea in the world.

No abstract