<p>This study mainly investigates the motivational characteristics of Chinese college students learning English for Specific Purposes (ESP). By critically examining and comparing Gardner’s (1985) Integrative-Instrumental model and the Self-determination Theory (SDT) by Deci and Ryan(1985), the researcher finds out that the latter one is more comprehensive and applicable to the case of Chinese college ESP learners (the subjects). Thus the researcher develops a questionnaire within the SDT framework to analyze the subjects’ motivations. Drawing upon a follow-up statistical analysis, the research discovers the motivational propensities of the subjects. A discussion of corresponding motivational methods to help improve the subjects’ ESP learning is provided at the end of the article.</p>

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Keywords: Discussion area of MOOC, Learner behavior, Number of speaking, Quality of speaking, Technology of the reptile, Technology of word segmentation. Abstract. In recent years, the thriving of MOOC has provided a good network learning platform for learners. As an online learning platform for communication, the MOOC discussion area also plays an important role. This paper explores the number of learners 'speaking in the discussion area by using the web crawler technique, and studies the speech emotion and quality of the speech in the discussion area by using the text data of the learners' speaking of the 39 courses. The empirical results show that the online communication of the MOOC forum is convenient. The numbers of some individual members' speaking made the average level improve. In addition, we also found that the proportion of posts with lower quality of speech was large and there was a significant gap between the average numbers of speaking of different courses.

More and more powerful personal smart devices take users, especially the elder, into a disaster of policy administration where users are forced to set personal management policies in these devices. Considering a real case of this issue in the Android security, it is hard for users, even some programmers, to generally identify malicious permission requests when they install a third-party application. Motivated by the popularity of mutual assistance among friends (including family members) in the real world, we propose a novel framework for policy administration, referring to Socialized Policy Administration (SPA for short), to help users manage the policies in widely deployed personal devices. SPA leverages a basic idea that a user may invite his or her friends to help set the applications. Especially, when the size of invited friends increases, the setting result can be more resilient to a few malicious or unprofessional friends. We define the security properties of SPA, and propose an enforcement framework where users' friends can help users set applications without the leakage of friends' preferences with the supports of a privacy preserving mechanism. In our prototype, we only leverage partially homomorphic encryption cryptosystems to implement our framework, because the fully homomorphic encryption is not acceptable to be deployed in a practical service at the moment. Based on our prototype and performance evaluation, SPA is promising to support major types of policies in current popular applications with acceptable performance.

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