Aim: In the absence of a disease-modifying therapy, the aim of this review is to investigate how, and to what extent, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) affects patient quality of life (QoL) and thus establish a QoL-based approach to clinical practice. Method: A literature review was conducted using the search engines PubMed, Ovid and Google Scholar. Study and review abstracts from the literature search were analysed and marked for inclusion if they contained the following terms in reference to PSP: 'prevalence', 'diagnosis', 'quality of life' and 'rehabilitation'. Only journals written in English and available to the University of Liverpool were included in this review. Results: PSP has a negative bearing on patient QoL, affecting almost all aspects of the patient's daily living. However, a standard approach to clinical practice has not been established in the literature. Furthermore, studies fail to relate how current strategies of rehabilitation influence patient QoL. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is particularly associated with enhanced QoL, and although a limited amount of success can be associated with current strategies of rehabilitation, the feasibility of such interventions is limited to a very select group of patients.

BACKGROUND The prognosis for oesophageal carcinoma is poor, but once distant metastases emerge the prognosis is considered hopeless. There is no consistent protocol for the early identification and aggressive management of metastases. AIM To examine the outcome of a policy of active postoperative surveillance with aggressive treatment of confirmed metastases. METHODS A prospectively maintained database of 205 patients diagnosed with oesophageal carcinoma between 1998 and 2019 and treated with curative intent was interrogated for patients with metastases, either at diagnosis or on follow-up surveillance and treated for cure. This cohort was compared with incomplete clinical responders to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) who subsequently underwent surgery on their primary tumour. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to compare survival differences between groups. RESULTS Of 205 patients, 11 (5.4%) had metastases treated for cure (82% male; median age 60 years; 9 adenocarcinoma and 2 squamous cell carcinomas). All had undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, followed by surgery in all but 1 case. Of the 11 patients, 4 had metastatic disease at diagnosis, of whom 3 were successfully downstaged with nCRT before definitive surgery; 2 of these 4 also developed oligometastatic recurrence and were treated with curative intent. Following definitive treatment, 7 had treatment for metachronous oligometastatic disease; 5 of whom underwent metastasectomy (adrenal × 2; lung × 2; liver × 1). The median overall survival was 10.9 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.7-21.0 years], which was statistically significantly longer than incomplete clinical responders undergoing surgery on the primary tumour without metastatic intervention [ n = 62; median overall survival = 1.9 (95%CI: 1.1-2.7; P = 0.012]. The cumulative proportion surviving 1, 3, and 5 years was 100%, 91%, and 61%, respectively compared to 71%, 36%, and 25% for incomplete clinical responders undergoing surgery on the primary tumour who did not undergo treatment for metastatic disease. CONCLUSION Metastatic oesophageal cancer represents a unique challenge, but aggressive treatment can be rewarded with impressive survival data. In view of recent advances in targeted therapies, intensive follow-up may yield a greater number of patients with curative potential and thus improved long-term survival.

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Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly which describes the presence of more than two intra- or extrascrotal testes. Typically, the supernumerary testis is found incidentally during surgery for another condition but may present clinically as a painless paratesticular mass necessitating a radiological diagnosis. Polyorchidism carries an increased risk of testicular malignancy, with cryptorchidism the likely most important risk factor. Given, however, that the supernumerary testis likely contributes a reproductive function, surgical removal and definitive histopathological diagnosis is not always appropriate. We present a radiologically diagnosed supernumerary testis in a 40-year-old male with a history of surgically managed cryptorchidism in childhood.

Testicular germ cell regression is a rare, generally metastatic phenomenon which describes the spontaneous, complete, or partial regression of a testicular germ cell tumour. As a result, studies have focused on defining specific histopathological criteria to establish if the resected testis is the primary source of the germ cell tumour. There are few publications which describe its presentation in the absence of distant metastases with elevated tumour markers and suspicious findings on testicular ultrasound. We present the clinical presentation and radiological features of a non-metastatic regressed testicular germ cell tumour following scrotal trauma in a post pubertal male.