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IntroductionGrapes (Vitis sp., Vitaceae) are one of the most commonly consumed fruits worldwide. The quantity of grapes processed worldwide is approximately 50.0 million tons (Mt) annually, which represents approximately 5.0-9.0 Mt of grape pomace (GP) production (1). There are many studies investigating how to utilize this byproduct, which is wine industry waste in many cases. Pomace consists of skins, stalks, and seeds. Red GP is rich in phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity (2). Lafka et al.(3) reported higher antioxidant activity in ethanol extract from winery waste than in other solvent extracts, synthetic food antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbyl palmitate, and vitamin E, but they did not find a correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenol content. The seeds (38%-52%, on a dry matter basis) also contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid (4,5). High levels of proanthocyanidin, which is a type of flavonoid known for its high antioxidant properties, are responsible for the greatest contribution to antioxidant activity (6). There have been a number of studies regarding the use of GP in human nutrition, e.g., the use of pomace as a source of dietary fiber in bread (7) or to improve the nutrition profile of frankfurters (8). There have also been studies regarding the use of GP as animal feed. Abarghuei et al. (9) observed the effect of GP on the ruminal parameters of sheep, and Molina-Alcaide et al. (10) evaluated wine industry byproducts as feed for ruminants. Alipour and Rouzbehan (11) tested the effects of tannins from GP on the intestinal digestibility of soybean meal. The beneficial effects of tannins are associated with their capacity to increase digestive utilization of dietary protein in ruminants by slowing down the microbial degradation of proteins. Brenes et al. (12) tested grape seed extract in broiler diets, and Goni et al. (13) used GP in combination with vitamin E and found no effect of the extract or GP/vitamin E on ileal protein digestibility, amino acid digestibility, or growth performance in broilers (at 42 days old). Rotava et al. (14) reported high antibacterial activity of defatted grape seed extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains in broilers, and they

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The aim of the project was to evaluate the potential of microbial threat to feed safety in the year 2018. Analyses of the epiphytic community of several forage species (clovers, cocksfoot, fescue, festulolium, perennial ryegrass, timothy and trefoil) in variants of fertilized and non-fertilized vegetation were performed. The hypothesis is based on the fact that microorganisms are normally present on plant material during its growth all the way from the seed to the senescence; they are influenced by a plant’s fitness, and they affect its harvest and utilization. Microflora was analyzed by cultivation on specific substrates, total microbial count and five specific microbial groups were observed and quantified. Forage species did not affect plant microflora. The highest risk factor of microbial contamination of feed was proved to be harvest date. Mycotoxin contamination of fresh feed was determined (deoxynivalenol and zearalenone) using ELISA. Zearalenone (ZEA) levels were negatively correlated to fertilization intensity, although these results were not statistically significant. Deoxynivalenol (DON) levels were the lowest in a moderate fertilization regime. Significant differences in mycotoxin content were found among botanical species.