Abstract. Vom Standpunkte der Quartärstratigraphie können die Terrae calcis-Böden wichtige Leithorizonte bieten, da ihre Entstehung auf warmzeitiiche Klimabedingungen zurückgeht. Zunächst muß allerdings das Alter von einzelnen Terrae calcis-Typen und -Varietäten möglichst genau bestimmt werden. Beste Anhaltspunkte für die Altersbestimmung von Terrae calcis bieten die Ausgangsgesteine bekannten Alters und das Verhältnis zur Erosion. Als Hilfskriterien können die fossilführenden Terrae calcis-Sedimente in Karsthohlräumen und das gegenseitige Verhältnis von einzelnen Terrae caicis-Typen in den Aufschlüssen angeführt werden. Die besten Ergebnisse wurden bisher auf Grund von Untersuchungen der Terrae calcis aus Travertinen und Kalkbreccien gewonnen, die altersmäßig in verschiedene Phasen des Jungtertiärs und Quartärs gehören. Aus vergleichenden Studien im Karpatenraum geht eindeutig hervor, daß die jüngsten allitischen Terra rossa-Bildungen nur auf pliozänen Travertinen zu finden sind. Auf den Travertinen der pleistozänen Warmzeiten, abgesehen von den letztinterglazialen, ist üblicherweise die Terra fusca ausgebildet. Nur ausnahmsweise wurde flachgründige Terra fusca auch auf den letztinterglazialen (Eem-) Travertinen nachgewiesen, während die holozänen Quellkalke lediglich Rendsinen tragen. Aus den angeführten Anhaltspunkten ergibt sich somit, daß die jüngsten allitischen Terra-rossa-Bildungen endtertiär bzw. höchstens ältestpleistozän sind. Die Terra fusca ist eine bezeichnende Bildung der pleistozänen Interglaziale, während im Postglazial nur eine sehr beschränkte, lokale Entstehung dieses Bodens anzunehmen ist. Aus einigen Befunden in den Karsthohlräumen kann geschlossen werden, daß siallitische Terra rossa auch in den ältestpleistozänen Warmzeiten gebildet wurde. Wenn diese Gesetzmäßigkeiten noch an mehreren Fundstellen in verschiedenen Landschaften bestätigt würden, könnten die einzelnen Terrae calcis-Typen gute Alterskriterien in solchen Gebieten bieten, wo andere Anhaltspunkte nicht zur Verfügung stehen.
soil province" according to Kubiena. Later the F6 soil was correlated with the three soils of the S5 pedocomplex in Luochuan (1989) and therefore with the 5-6 soils in the two pedocomplexes PKVI and PKV at Karmaydan (1998), which were formed over a period of about 140 ka, although pedogenesis was interrupted several times by loess deposition. The F6 soil is therefore an example of a welded or multistory paleosol. Loess paleosol sequences of the early Würm period in the Central Asian Kashmir Basin are well comparable with those in Central Europe. For most of the Matuyama epoch, the central and lower parts of the sequence at Chashmanigar/Tadjikistan show more pronounced paleosols (about twenty) than the equivalent parts at Luochuan. In the Carpatian Basin only at Stari Slankamen are three strongly developed though truncated rubefied braunlehms (F9-F11) above Neogene sediments. In Lower Austria, however, many paleosols, mostly classified as Braunlehms, rubefied Braunlehms and Rotlehms, are exposed, especially in Stranzendorf and Krems-shooting range. Mineralogical investigations of the silt and clay subfractions show that there is little difference in the type and amount of pedogenic clay mineral formation between the Holocene soils and the paleosols of the Brunhes epoch at Karamaydan and of the Matuyama epoch at Chashmanigar. This suggests that the interglacial climates represented by the B or Bt horizons of the buried paleosols of late, middle, and early Pleistocene age were roughly similar to that of the Holocene. Therefore the partly rubefied Braunlehms of middle and early Pleistocene age in the Carpathian Basin and in Lower Austria must be regarded as multistory paleosols.
Background: The reflex zone stimulation technique (RST) activates complex motor responses and has a positive impact on the locomotor system. This technique may also indirectly affect breathing; however, the use of this technique as adjunct of the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) has not yet been characterised.Methods: We performed a randomised controlled single-centre interventional trial to evaluate the short-term effects of RST on lung function in 21 paediatric CF patients with normal baseline spirometry. The effect of 30 min of RST was compared to that of sham therapy in a crossover design. The interventions were performed in random order and planned 6 months apart. The primary outcome was a change in global ventilation inhomogeneity after intervention, assessed by lung clearance index (LCI 2.5 ) derived from a nitrogen multiple breath washout test. Secondary outcomes included changes in regional ventilation inhomogeneity (indices of acinar [Sacin*Vt] and conductive airway [Scond*Vt] inhomogeneity) and spirometry parameters (inspiratory capacity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s). Trunk deformity was assessed by physiotherapists at study entry.Results: After the RST intervention, the LCI 2.5 (p = .004) and Scond*Vt (p = .009) decreased significantly, while inspiratory capacity increased (p = .012). In the shamtherapy group, none of the parameters changed significantly. Trunk deformity was seen in 76.5% of all patients, and 92.9% of those with trunk deformity showed a decrease in LCI 2.5 after RST. Conclusion:RST has multiple positive short-term effects on lung function, especially in CF patients with trunk deformities.
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