Geological interpretation of spectral gamma ray (SGR) logging in selected boreholesThis paper presents the interpretation of the spectral gamma ray (SGR) log focused on geological analysis regarding determination of the clay content in studied deposits, evaluation of the types of clay minerals, identification of fissure zones, determination of the organic matter content, determination of radiogenic heat value secreted during the decay of radioactive elements, and the characteristics of sedimentary conditions. The method was tested on data collected from five boreholes.Key words: spectral gamma ray log (SGR), clay minerals, organic matter, sedimentary conditions, fissure identification. Geologiczna interpretacja spektrometrycznego profilowania gamma (sPG) w profilach wybranych otworów wiertniczychBezpośredni pomiar koncentracji potasu, uranu i toru jest cenną informacją geochemiczną, mineralogiczną i w niektórych przypadkach złożową. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono interpretację spektrometrycznego profilowania gamma (sPG) pod kątem określania wielkości zailenia badanych utworów oraz oceny rodzaju minerałów ilastych. Przedstawiono także wyniki w zakresie identyfikacji stref szczelinowych, wyznaczania zawartości substancji organicznej, wielkości ciepła radiogenicznego wydzielonego podczas rozpadu pierwiastków promieniotwór-czych oraz charakterystyki środowiska sedymentacji. Metodę przetestowano na materiałach pochodzących z pię-ciu otworów wiertniczych.Słowa kluczowe: spektrometryczne profilowanie gamma (sPG), minerały ilaste, substancja organiczna, środowisko sedymentacji, identyfikacja szczelin.
Pulse Decay apparatus enable measurement of shale formations reservoir permeability. For such type of pore space, permeability is not only a function of pore size distribution and porosity but also depends on pressure and temperature. Moreover, the type of flow varies as a function of pore radius in nano-pore range (Darcy flow, slip flow, diffusion). In this work, the impact of reservoir parameters on apparent permeability of the Polish shale rocks was discussed.Key words: permeability, apparent permeability, reservoir and formation pressure, flow through nano-pores. Wpływ warunków złożowych na parametry filtracyjne skał łupkowychAparat Pulse Decay umożliwia pomiary parametrów filtracyjnych skał ze zbiornikowych formacji złożowych typu łupkowego. Dla przepływów w nanoporach (zakres średnic d < 100 nm) przepuszczalność jest nie tylko funkcją parametrów przestrzeni porowej, lecz również takich parametrów jak ciśnienie i temperatura. Analiza przepływów dla przestrzeni nanoporowych pokazuje, że zmienia się mechanizm przepływu w zależności od rozkładu parametrów przestrzeni porowej (przepływ Darcy'ego, przepływ z poślizgiem, dyfuzja). W niniejszej pracy przeanalizowano wpływ i zmiany przepuszczalności pozornej w zależności od parametrów złożowych dla polskich skał łupkowych.Słowa kluczowe: przepuszczalność, przepuszczalność pozorna, ciśnienie złożowe i ciśnienie górotworu, przepływ przez nanopory.Drilling, development and exploitation of shale type reservoirs have initially brought a number of surprising results. The permeability of shale formations was found to be 10 times higher than that of the permeability estimated by models. An analysis of all the elements affecting the flow of fluids through nano pore space allowed to correctly define the permeability of such formations. Javadpour and others [1,2] introduced the apparent permeability, as the parameter that includes the complexity of flow in nanopores. This parameter is very variable for the shale reservoirs and dependent on a series of parameters which do not affect the permeability of conventional rocks. The Pulse Decay apparatus (type PDP-250) enables measurement of this parameter. Nevertheless, in order to obtain a correct value of permeability, reservoir conditions must be simulated correctly.This study is dedicated to the identification of parameters which have an impact on the value of the measured permeability and determination of the proper application of reservoir conditions during conducting measurements.
Abstract:Magnetite nanoparticles have become a promising material for scientifi c research. Among numerous technologies of their synthesis, co-precipitation seems to be the most convenient, less time-consuming and cheap method which produces fi ne and pure iron oxide particles applicable to environmental issues. The aim of the work was to investigate how the co-precipitation synthesis parameters, such as temperature and base volume, infl uence the magnetite nanoparticles ability to separate heavy metal ions. The synthesis were conducted at nine combinations of different ammonia volumes -8 cm 3 , 10 cm 3 , 15 cm 3 and temperatures -30°C, 60°C, 90°C for each ammonia volume. Iron oxides synthesized at each combination were examined as an adsorbent of seven heavy metals: Cr(VI), Pb(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II). The representative sample of magnetite was characterized using XRD, SEM and BET methods. It was observed that more effective sorbent for majority of ions was produced at 30°C using 10 cm 3 of ammonia. The characterization of the sample produced at these reaction conditions indicate that pure magnetite with an average crystallite size of 23.2 nm was obtained (XRD), the nanosized crystallites in the sample were agglomerated (SEM) and the specifi c surface area of the aggregates was estimated to be 55.64 m 2 ·g -1 (BET). The general conclusion of the work is the evidence that magnetite nanoparticles have the ability to adsorb heavy metal ions from the aqueous solutions. The effectiveness of the process depends on many factors such as kind of heavy metal ion or the synthesis parameters of the sorbent.
Two main models of fluids flow through nanopore space were considered. Single tube capillary model (and its improvements) and net model of nanopore space. Flexibility, efficiency and reliability of each was taken into account. Among others the Javadpour model seems to be relatively reliable and easy to apply for Polish shale gas reservoirs. Additionally it is possible to improved it, by introducing results of new investigations, such as Klinkenberg permeability obtained by Pulse Decay measurements.Key words: total flux, apparent permeability, nanopore space flow of fluids.Przepływ płynów przez nanoprzestrzeń porową: dyskusja i propozycja modelu adekwatnego do warunków polskich Dwa główne typy modeli zostały poddane dyskusji. Model pojedynczej walcowej kapilary oraz model sieciowy bazujący na krzywej adsorpcji. Rozważano możliwości, elastyczność i rzetelność obu modeli. Model prezentowany przez Javadpoura, zmodyfikowany o wyniki badań efektu Klinkenberga przy zastosowaniu aparatu Pusle Decay wydaje się być najbardziej odpowiednim do szacowania przepuszczalności polskich złóż łupkowych.Słowa kluczowe: całkowita wielkość przepływu, przepuszczalność pozorna, przestrzeń nanporowa, przepływ płynów.Permeability of shale gas reservoirs is still poorly understood. Recent high resolution imaging studies have shown that in shale reservoirs, matrix pores consist of pores from the size of micrometer down to the range of 2÷100 nm and pore throats may be as small as 0.5 nm [1, 6,11,16,23].Therefore, assumption of permeability for gas in shale gas reservoirs is a complex multiscale problem. So far, a lots of researches on transport mechanisms in shales (matrix and fractures) have been done [1-3, 7-22, 23-25, 28].Modeling gas flow through nanoporous media must satisfy two factors: mathematic reliability of the model and its simplicity to use in practice. Additional restriction depends on accessibility of appropriate set of data. In nanopore space, flow regimes change in a function of pore distribution, pressure and temperature: from Darcy flow to molecular diffusion [9,14,18] and thus flow model must cover the whole range of pores and reservoir conditions.There are several models created mainly for American shale plays. However they cannot be directly applied to Polish shale gas formations because of shale heterogeneity and different mineral composition which affect pore size distribution and as a result flow properties.This paper provides a quick review of different approaches to assume permeability of shale gas reservoirs and draws the attention to all the aspects which need to be considered before applying those models to Polish shale gas conditions.
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