Аннотация. Цель статьиописание методики сравнения языков программирования, удобной для оценки выразительной силы языков и трудоёмкости реализации систем программирования. Методика приспособлена к обоснованию практичных, объективных критериев декомпозиции программ, что можно рассматривать как подход к решению проблемы факторизации весьма усложнённых определений языков программирования и систем их поддержки. Кроме того, представлены результаты анализа наиболее известных парадигм программирования и намечен подход к навигации в современном расширяющемся пространстве языков программирования, основанный на классификации парадигм по особенностям постановок задач и семантической характеристики языков и систем программирования с акцентом на критерии качества программ и приоритеты в принятии решений при их реализации. Ключевые слова: определение языков программирования, парадигмы программирования, критерии декомпозиции определений, семантические системы

The purpose of this study is the choice of the form to represent the results of the comparison of languages and programming systems, convenient for

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The purpose of the article is to describe the method of comparison of programming languages, convenient for assessing the expressive power of languages and the complexity of the programming systems. The method is adapted to substantiate practical, objective criteria of program decomposition, which can be considered as an approach to solving the problem of factorization of very complicated definitions of programming languages and their support systems. In addition, the article presents the results of the analysis of the most well-known programming paradigms and outlines an approach to navigation in the modern expanding space of programming languages, based on the classification of paradigms on the peculiarities of problem statements and semantic characteristics of programming languages and systems with an emphasis on the criteria for the quality of programs and priorities in decision-making in their implementation. The concept of "programming paradigm" is manifested as the way of thinking in the programming process. The author thanks the organizers and participants of the conferences "Scientific Service in the Internet Environment" (http://agora.guru.ru/display.php?conf=abrau2020&page=subjects&PHPSESSID=qbn3kbhgnk8b6a9g21qi1nkkq2 ), discussions with which made it possible to understand the main provisions of this article.

The paper is devoted to modern trends in the application of functional programming to the problems of organizing parallel computations. Functional programming is considered as a meta-paradigm for solving the problems of developing multi-threaded programs for multiprocessor complexes and distributed systems, as well as for solving the problems associated with rapid IT development. The semantic and pragmatic principles of functional programming and consequences of these principles are described. The paradigm analysis of programming languages and systems is used, which allows assessing their similarities and differences. Taking into account these features is necessary when predicting the course of application processes, as well as when planning the study and organization of program development. There are reasons to believe that functional programming is capable of improving program performance through its adaptability to modeling and prototyping. A variety of features and characteristics inherent in the development and debugging of long-lived parallel computing programs is shown. The author emphasizes the prospects of functional programming as a universal technique for solving complex problems burdened with difficult to verify and poorly compatible requirements. A brief outline of the requirements for a multiparadigm parallel programming language is given.