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Introduction: Nasopharyngeal obstruction is an important etiologic factor in the development of an extreme vertical growth facial pattern, and insufficient transversal growth of the maxilla. The treatment outcomes associated with rapid maxillary expansion in the literature are mainly discussed in terms of changes in dentofacial morphology, without special reference to changes in the pharyngeal airway, the position of the mandible, hyoid bone and the tongue.

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Introduction:A complete or partial absence of an X chromosome in the karyotype of phenotypic females has an impact on craniofacial morphology. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the craniofacial complex in patients with Turner syndrome (TS), and to evaluate the influence of various karyotypes on craniofacial morphology. Materials and methods:The study population was comprised of 40 TS female patients, aged 9.2 to 18 years, and 40 healthy females, aged 9.3 to 18 years, as the control group. The TS patients were subdivided according to karyotype. All study participants were evaluated cephalometrically. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparison test were used for analysis of the differences between the means in Turner subgroups and the control group.Results: In general, the girls with TS were characterized by smaller dimensions and an altered morphology of the craniofacial complex compared with the unaffected girls. The curvature of the frontal bone was significantly increased, while the diameter of the head was reduced. Both the maxilla and mandible were retrognathic, posteriorly rotated, and reduced in antero-posterior length. The cranial base was shorter and flattened. Among the different karoytypes, no significant differences were determined in the dimensions of the craniofacial complex in girls with TS. Conclusions:Our findings indicate that the karyotype has no effect on craniofacial morphology and we confirmed that a specific model of craniofacial morphology in individuals with TS is present in early childhood. is approximately one in 2,500 girls. 4 Several karyotypes responsible for the syndrome have been identified, the most common being monosomy X, found in about 50-60% of the girls. Less common are the mosaic and isochromosome for the long arm of the X chromosome.5,6 Short stature, gonadal dysgenesis, pterygium colli, cubitus valgus, and low hairline at the back of the neck are the most common features of this disease. 7The smaller size of teeth in individuals with TS 8-12 is caused by reduced enamel thickness. 13,14 Females with TS have a tendency toward distal molar occlusion, lateral crossbite, and open bite. 8,15,16 Skeletal maturity was retarded by an average of 2.2 years

Objectives: The purpose of our study is to assess the correlation between chronological age, cervical vertebral maturation index and Demirjian index of the lower second molars and analyze if the correlation affected by intermaxillary sagittal malocclusion. Material and methods: 150 subjects were evaluated, with age range from 6-19 years. Skeletal maturation stages according to Baccetti method were determined in lateral cephalometric radiographs. Demirjian index for lower second molars were evaluated in panoramic x-ray. Digital lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs were performed by Vatech and they were analyzed and saved in DICOM format using dedicated software (Easydent version 4.1). Statistical analysis with IBM SPSS version 26 for Windows, Chicago, Illinois to assess the correlation between cervical vertebral maturation index and Demirjian index for lower second molars and intergroup comparison. Results: There is a strong positive correlation between chronological age, cervical vertebral maturation index and Demirjian index for lower second molars, with p < 0.000, Pearson correlation coefficient was from r = .847 to r = .883. The duration of prepubertal stage for class II subject was significantly longer. Whereas the actual peak of pubertal growth in class II subject was short, 3, 5 months. The overall period of growth modification raging from stage 2-4 of cervical vertebral maturation index was significantly longer in class III subjects. Conclusions: There is a strong correlation bewteen cervical vertebral maturation index and Demirjian index for lower second molars. The correlation is not affected by intermaxillary sagittal relationship, however in class II patients we have a shorter pubertal peak period and in class III there is a longer period of pubertal peak.