No abstract

Protopine biosynthesis in Fumaria rostellata and Fumaria officinalis cell suspensions was investigated. For the first time, we reported for calli and cell suspensions obtained from F. rostellata and F. officinalis. Callus induction was initiated on a Murashige and Skoog medium, supplemented with sucrose and various concentrations of plant growth regulators: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The best morphological characteristics, growth behavior, and protopine biosynthesis were observed for two callus lines (5FRL14 and 12FOL1) cultivated under submerged conditions, at low concentration of 2,4-D (0.2 and 0.5 mg/L) and higher concentration of BAP (2.0 and 3.0 mg/L). The maximal yield of protopine was accumulated from cell suspension of F. rostellata (line 5FRL14) cultivated under illumination-49.6 mg/L. Time courses of utilization of sucrose, ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate ions in cultural liquid and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of alkaloid extracts of studied suspensions are also presented.

The evaluation of bruise color imaging is a very important task in forensic medicine. However, there is no standardized methodology in carrying out this task. In this paper, an attempt was made to review the different papers published in the literature on the visual assessment of bruise age determination, and derive color charts of daily bruise aging. Based on the color charts derived, the following observations can be made: (i) the bruise is red for day 1, (ii) there is no dominant color for day 2, whereas for day 3, blue is becoming slightly dominant, (iii) green is becoming dominant for days 4-6, with yellow color emerging, (iv) for day 7, there is coexistence of green and yellow, (v) yellow is highly dominant for days 7 to 14, with brown emerging. These charts can serve as guidelines for the qualitative evaluation of bruise imaging by visual analysis. Clearly, the need exists for the quantitative analysis of bruise color imaging.

The paper justifies the necessity to apply some beforehand corrections of the bruise images in order to analyse and compare the differences. The colour palette "Macbeth Colour Checker" is used in some of the corrections. The comparison of the results is made by using colour differences in L*a*b* colour space for each of the palette colours. The results show that the colour differences between the colours in the white-point corrected image and ideal colours are smaller than these between the original no-processed image and ideal colours. The results also show that this type of processing is not specific enough for the correction of the bruise colours. Here is used the healthy skin reference in order to receive helpful images for following analysis of the bruise changes in its evolution.

An application of the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for bruise colour recognition is suggested in the paper. Input information to the system will be taken from the images, which includes a bruise and surrounding healthy skin. There are formulated six basic colour groups for the bruise imagesred, blue, yellow, brown, green and purple. The input variables of the FIS are connected with the information from the pixels of the images in some colour models (RGB, HSV or Lab). The output variables are the classes -the basic colour groups. Matlab environment was used for representation of the membership functions.