Ecological interactions and environmental conditions are associated with community structuring, where the resource quality and availability, in addition to interspecific competition, determine potential local interactions. Using ground-dwelling ant species as a methodological tool model, we evaluated how three different daily periods affected species richness, recruitment, and resource dominance (baits) within two Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) phytophysiognomies. We found a total of 34 ant species and significant differences in species composition between the cerrado areas. Camponotus and Pheidole genera were the most abundant in both studied areas in which several species shared baits. Ant richness did not vary between the cerrado areas, but ant recruitment was affected by observation periods: in both areas, the hottest period (afternoon) reflected the lowest recruitment, while the coolest period (morning) had the highest recruitment. We observed that the ant species that first found baits had a 29% chance of being the only species observed using the resource, while those that arrived after other species had only 7%. Both areas promote the coexistence of ant species by shaping their interactions. We suggest that environmental structuring promotes niche partitioning in both spatial and temporal scales, providing possibilities of microhabitats that allow species to explore the environment and forage.

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