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Abstract. Dako FX, Purwanto RH, Faida LRW, Sumardi. 2019. Community’s social capital in the management of Mutis Timau Protected Forest in Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2177-2187. The social capital of the community around Mutis Timau Protected Forest in Timor Island is unexplored. In fact, its social capital plays an important role to support sustainable management of the forest viewed from the ability of the community to work together in achieving common goals in groups and organizations. This study aimed to investigate the elements of community’s social capital (i.e. norms, beliefs, and networks) in nine villages located in and around Mutis Timau Protected Forest administratively managed by the Forest Management Unit of South Central Timor District using quantitative survey approach. The result of the study showed that two villages have strong social capital while seven villages have moderate category. Overall, the communities have strong level on the elements of trust in individuals and others, and knowledge and understanding on unwritten rules, but have moderate level on the elements of written rules/regulations, trust in institutions and regulations, organizational network, and participation network. Community participation increases the understanding of written rules, institutional trust and improves the development of social networks (organizational networks and participation) between groups. This results can be used as a reference for the Forest Management Unit of South Central Timor District when developing cooperation with communities that have traditional knowledge and local wisdom through norms, beliefs, and networks in managing and utilizing natural resources in Mutis Timau Protected Forest. Furthermore, the involvement of people with social capital in managing Mutis Timau Protected Forest can maintain forest sustainability and improve community welfare.

Abstract. Paga B, Pudyatmoko S, Faida LRW, Yuda IP, Sulaksono N. 2021. Characteristics of vegetation as determinant of Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus) distribution in Bipolo Landscape of West Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2617-2635. This study aims to identify vegetation factors as determinants of the distribution of Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus) in Timor Island. Timor Friarbird is one of the seven endemics bird species widely distributed in Timor Island, from the eastern region of Timor Leste to western region of Indonesia. This research was conducted at Bipolo Landscape, located in Timor Island, and has diversity of tropical flora diversity surrounding its Natural Tourism Park, which provides Timor Friarbird habitat. The characteristics of vegetation ecology were obtained by sampling design through Biogeography Branch's Sampling Design Tool for ArcGIS, while land use cover type was obtained by maximum likelihood method. The structure and composition of vegetation were observed through nested plot sampling, while Timor Friarbird species were assessed using the combination of point count and line transect method. The result obtained was formulated by discriminant linear regression. The vegetation parameters influencing the presence of Timor Friarbird were tree land use cover, number of trees and their species, pole land use cover, number of poles and their species, sapling land use cover, number of saplings and their species. Timor Friarbird is more likely to be present in the land cover area of poles with a minimum number of individual trees, poles, and saplings (press value Q = 6,63 ? 7). The results of discriminant analysis obtained a new group (nine variables), used collectively as a determinant factor for the presence of Timor Friarbird in their natural habitat on Timor Island

The existence of Mutis Timau Protected Forest (MTPF) has given a real contribution to the community by providing household energy needs and raw materials for building the houses. This preliminary study is aimed at knowing the contribution of M T PF in terms of firewood and carpentry wood consumption in the community. The study was conducted in 9 villages located in and around MTPF. This study used surveys and employed descriptive analysis with 353 families spread proportionally on every village as the sample. The results show that MTPF contributed to as much as 87.45% of the total firewood consumption of the community living in and around the protected forest, while the remaining 12.55% was supplied from the gardens. These percentages were calculated from the total firewood -1 consumption of 1,912,512 kg year . Meanwhile, every 15-20 years, MTPF contributed to 96.98% of the total 3 carpentry wood needs (1,177.3 m ) while the remaining 3.02% was supplied from privately owned gardens. This fact indicates that the dependence level of the community on the forest is high. Consequently, the pressure on the forest is also very high and may cause deforestation and degradation. To prevent deforestation and degradation, social participation in the sustainable management of MTPF is needed. The principles of social forestry must be implemented through social forestry programs such as community empowerment.

Ecotourism has been a preferable option in utilizing resources within a protected area (PA) in developing countries as it is considered as a bridge between nature conservation and rural economic development. The aims of this study are: To evaluate the implementation of ecotourism in a national park and to investigate the key factors influencing the socio-economic outcomes of ecotourism for rural and remote communities. This study uses Sebangau National Park (SNP) in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a case study. This exploratory research was conducted using the qualitative method approach. Data collection included focus group discussion, in-depth interview, observation, and secondary data. A descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. Results of the study show that despite local communities’ complaints on ecotourism development including its low income, local communities perceived that ecotourism is a feasible option for their livelihood sources. They were optimistic that in the future, income from ecotourism can be competed with other livelihood sources such as logging, fishing, collecting rattan, and tapping jelutung or rubber resin. However, the local community realized that their involvement in ecotourism activities needed several requirements including knowledge and skills about ecotourism as well as the involvement of other stakeholders.