Background: Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) is a minimally invasive surgical method for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, the operation procedure relied on the radiative interventional technology, and was conducted under local anesthesia. Method: From June 2016 to December 2019, we performed a newly developed full-endoscopic visualized foraminoplasty and discectomy under general anesthesia in 30 patients with L5/S1 LDH. In this retrospective study, the outcomes and neurological complications of this approach were evaluated. Results: The mean visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were significantly improved after surgery. The postoperative MRI reexamination revealed that the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration of each subject was improved significantly to different degrees as compared with that before surgery. The learning curve showed operative time rapidly decreased over the earlier cases, and then tapered to a steady state in the latter cases. Conclusions: Full-endoscopic foraminoplasty and discectomy under general anesthesia is efficient and safe for the treatment of the L5-S1 disc herniation.Trial registration: N/A

Review question / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave in the treatment of patients with femoral head necrosis. Condition being studied: Femoral head necrosis is an orthopedic disease with a high disability rate.It is estimated that there are approximately 8.12 million non-traumatic femoral head necrosis patients over the age of 15 in China, and the number of male patients is approximately twice that of female patients. The extremely high prevalence rate places a serious economic burden on the families of patients as well as on society. As a non-invasive therapy, extracorporeal shock wave therapy has the characteristics of low damage to tissues, low treatment risk, short cycle time and low complications.Related studies suggest that extracorporeal shock wave therapy can have a positive effect on the treatment of femoral head necrosis, but there is a lack of high-quality randomized controlled clinical trials. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave in the treatment of patients with femoral head necrosis. INPLASY registration number: This protocol was registered with the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (INPLASY) on 01 December 2021 and was last updated on 01 December 2021 (registration number INPLASY2021120003).