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Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) are well known for their high energy density. However, their reversibility and rate performance are challenged due to the sluggish oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) kinetics, serious side reactions and uncontrollable Li dendrite growth. The electrolyte plays a key role in transport of Li + and reactive oxygen species in LOBs. Here, we tailored a dilute electrolyte by screening suitable crown ether additives to promote lithium salt dissociation and Li + solvation through electrostatic interaction. The electrolyte containing 100 mM 18crown-6 ether (100-18C6) exhibits enhanced electrochemical stability and triggers a solution-mediated Li 2 O 2 growth pathway in LOBs, showing high discharge capacity of 10 828.8 mAh g carbon À 1 . Moreover, optimized electrode/electrolyte interfaces promote ORR/OER kinetics on cathode and achieve dendrite-free Li anode, which enhances the cycle life. This work casts new lights on the design of low-cost dilute electrolytes for high performance LOBs.

Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) are well known for their high energy density. However, their reversibility and rate performance are challenged due to the sluggish oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) kinetics, serious side reactions and uncontrollable Li dendrite growth. The electrolyte plays a key role in transport of Li + and reactive oxygen species in LOBs. Here, we tailored a dilute electrolyte by screening suitable crown ether additives to promote lithium salt dissociation and Li + solvation through electrostatic interaction. The electrolyte containing 100 mM 18crown-6 ether (100-18C6) exhibits enhanced electrochemical stability and triggers a solution-mediated Li 2 O 2 growth pathway in LOBs, showing high discharge capacity of 10 828.8 mAh g carbon À 1 . Moreover, optimized electrode/electrolyte interfaces promote ORR/OER kinetics on cathode and achieve dendrite-free Li anode, which enhances the cycle life. This work casts new lights on the design of low-cost dilute electrolytes for high performance LOBs.

and electric vehicle broadly, [1] while the lower lithium resource reserve in the earth limits the application for the large scale energy storage in the future. Owing to the earth abundant element reserve of Na in the earth's crust and excellent electrochemical performance of sodium-ion battery, which is an alternative choice to meet the large-scale energy storage system (ESS) for the construction of smart grid and energy internet.Solid sodium-ion battery enjoys high security, high energy density, and shape variability, which is very promising for the application in large-scale ESS. [2,3] Solid electrolytes are key component to provide the transfer of charges by ion movement between two electrodes. However, the low ionic conductivity and poor interface between solid electrolyte and electrode limit the industrial application of solid sodium-ion battery. It is very important for the comprehensive understanding of solid electrolyte/electrode interface mechanism and science and technology problem, as well as the development tendency of solid sodium-ion battery.The overall sodium-ion battery technologies have been reviewed broadly. However, solid electrolyte and interface is rarely concerned yet. Review on sodium-ion battery solid electrolyte and interface is meaningful to design solid sodium-ion battery and improve the safety. The research focus on Na-ion batteries has drastically increased in recent years after 2010, our review mainly provides detailed and comprehensive research progress for sodium-ion battery solid polymer electrolyte and inorganic solid-state electrolyte systems (Figure 1).

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