as supercapacitors and batteries, with high power/energy densities, are expected to play essential roles in our daily life as the dominant power sources for portable consumer electronics (e.g., smartphones, tablets, notebook PCs and camcorders), hybrid electric/plug-in-hybrid vehicles and smart grids. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The recently increased research efforts on 2D materials, i.e., graphene and its analogues, is to a great extent the result of the promise that they hold for technological applications including electronic devices, sensors, catalysts, energy conversion and storage devices, etc., by taking full advantage of their outstanding electrical, optical, chemical, and thermal properties. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Beyond graphene, other layered materials possessing various elemental compositions and different crystallographic structures, offer a broad portfolio of material's solutions with tunable chemical and physical properties for application as high-performance active components, which can operate as electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical energy storage devices. [4,15,16] Although graphene-based nanomaterials have demonstrated outstanding performance as electrodes in energy storage devices, new alternative nanomaterials should also be developed in order to further improve the electrochemical performance. Other 2D materials as graphene analogues (GAs) are expected to have broad implications in next generation of clean, efficient, and renewable energy systems. Layered materials of GAs refer to layered materials having similar structure as graphene, with planar topology and ultrathin thickness (single to few atomic layers). Typical GAs for energy storage include transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), transition metal oxides (TMOs)/ hydroxides (TMHs), metal sulfides, phosphorenes, MXenes, silicences, etc. (Figure 1). [17] Due to their thickness on the atomic scale, their inherent properties differ from those of their bulk lamellar systems. In particular, the quantum confinement of electrons in the 2D plane imparts them with unprecedented electrical and electronic characteristics ( Table 1). [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Moreover, it is well known that the delivered specific capacity of electrode materials is closely related with the reaction kinetics during the charging/discharging process. [3] In view of their high surfaceto-volume ratio, GAs offer high specific surface areas (Table 1) to enable full utilization of all available sites of active electrode materials. [27][28][29][30] As a result, the exposed contact area is significantly enhanced between the electrodes and electrolytes, and also the paths for transport of charges are largely shortened.Energy crisis is one of the most urgent and critical issues in our modern society. Currently, there is an increasing demand for efficient, low-cost, lightweight, flexible and environmentally benign, small-, medium-, and large-scale energy storage devices, which can be used to power smart grids, portable electronic devices, and elect...

Consistent with findings from adult patient populations, trait anxiety levels and recent experiences with hypoglycemia predict FOH in adolescents with T1DM. In parents, however, beliefs about their adolescents' ability to cope with hypoglycemic episodes predicted FOH. FOH in adolescents with T1DM and their parents is a complex construct influenced by multiple personality and situational and behavioral factors, and its impact on diabetes management remains unclear.

Multifunctional carbon-based nanomaterials offer routes towards the realization of smart and high-performing (opto)electronic (nano)devices, sensors and logic gates. Meanwhile photochromic molecules exhibit reversible transformation between two forms, induced by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation. By combining carbon-based nanomaterials with photochromic molecules, one can achieve reversible changes in geometrical structure, electronic properties and nanoscale mechanics triggering by light. This thus enables a reversible modulation of numerous physical and chemical properties of the carbon-based nanomaterials towards the fabrication of cognitive devices. This review examines the state of the art with respect to these responsive materials, and seeks to identify future directions for investigation.C arbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass and it forms a vast number of compounds, more than any other chemical element. It assembles into several allotropes that hold extraordinary yet markedly different chemical and physical properties 1-7 , including their structure and geometry, optical, mechanical, electrical/electronic properties and stability, making them key building blocks for numerous applications in materials science and nanotechnology [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . A common characteristic of fullerene, carbon nanodots, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (including large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) is the ability to functionalize them covalently and non-covalently with specific moieties, thereby improving their solubility in liquid media and imparting them with enhanced/additional properties. Among various moieties, the functionalization of carbon-based systems with building blocks that can respond to external stimuli enables the generation of smart/dynamic carbonbased nanomaterials, by offering additional remote controls (for example, light, mechanical pressure, pH, electric/magnetic fields and so on) to modulate their properties [19][20][21] . Among various stimuli, light is a perfect choice since it features high spatio-temporal resolution and it is non-invasive over a wide range of wavelengths. Furthermore, the possibility to tune their wavelength and intensity guarantees a wealth of solutions when the photochromic systems are intelligently designed.Photochromic molecules can undergo reversible photo-triggered isomerization between (at least) two (meta)stable states. Hitherto, a variety of photochromic molecules have been designed and synthesized, using not only E/Z isomerization, but also valence isomerization,