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in infants with birth weight 500 to 1500 g were employed. A testing sample and crossvalidation techniques were used to validate a statistical model for risk of in-hospital mortality. The new risk score was compared with two existing scores by using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS:The new NEOCOSUR score was highly predictive for in-hospital mortality (AUC ¼ 0.85) and performed better than the Clinical Risk Index for Babies (CRIB) and the NICHD risk models when used in the NEOCOSUR Network. The new score is also well calibrated F it had good predictive capability for in-hospital mortality at all levels of risk (HL test ¼ 11.9, p ¼ 0.85). The new score also performed well when used to predict in hospital neurological and respiratory complications. CONCLUSIONS:A new and relatively simple VLBW mortality risk score had a good prediction performance in a South American network population. This is an important tool for comparison purposes among NICUs. This score may prove to be a better model for application in developing countries.

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Background and Objectives: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is a useful method of respiratory support after extubation. However, some infants fail despite CPAP use and require reintubation. Some evidence suggests that synchronized nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) may decrease extubation failure in preterm infants. Nonsynchronized NIPPV (NS-NIPPV) is being widely used in preterm infants without conclusive evidence of its benefits and side effects. Our aim was to evaluate whether NS-NIPPV decreases extubation failure compared with NCPAP in ventilated very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Methods: Randomized controlled trial of ventilated VLBWI being extubated for the first time. Before extubation, infants were randomized to receive NCPAP or NS-NIPPV. Primary outcome was the need for reintubation within 72 h. Results: 220 infants were included. The mean ± SD birth weight was 1,027 ± 256 g and gestational age 27.8 ± 1.9 weeks. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar in both groups. Extubation failure was 32.4% for NCPAP versus 32.1% for NS-NIPPV, p = 0.98. The frequency of deaths, bronchopulmonary dys-Clinical Trial Registration: study registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01778829.

En este trabajo se analiza la distribución personal de los ingresos en distintos niveles: nacional, provincial y por actividad económica para el período 2006-2016, a partir de la información de las encuestas de hogares. Para probar si los cambios en la distribución del ingreso personal a través del tiempo son estadísticamente significativos, se aplican pruebas no paramétricas para k muestras basadas en la Función de Distribución Empírica (FDE) y la Función de Densidad de Núcleo (KDE). Los resultados muestran que, efectivamente en el período de tiempo analizado, hubo cambios en la distribución de los ingresos personales, principalmente en la localización, más que en la forma, donde las pruebas a partir de la FDE tienen un buen desempeño. En tanto que, a nivel territorial se evidenciaron cambios en la forma de la distribución como es el caso Chimborazo, donde las pruebas basadas en la KDE, como la norma L1 o el Área Común, rechazaron la hipótesis nula.