Contribución de los autores:Liliana Santacoloma: formulación del proyecto de investigación, realización del trabajo y redacción del artículo. Bernardo Chaves: asesoría en el análisis estadístico de los datos y sugerencias al artículo. Helena Brochero: dirección del proyecto de investigación y corrección del artículo. ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL Estado de la susceptibilidad de poblaciones naturales del vector del dengue a insecticidas en trece localidades de ColombiaLiliana Santacoloma 1 , Bernardo Chaves 2 , Helena Luisa Brochero 2 1 Laboratorio de Entomología, Subdirección Red Nacional de Laboratorios, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia 2 Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia Institución en la que se llevó a cabo el trabajo: Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.Introducción. La resistencia fisiológica de las poblaciones naturales de Aedes aegypti a los insecticidas de uso en salud pública, disminuye la eficacia del control químico utilizado para interrumpir la transmisión de dengue durante los brotes y epidemias. Objetivo. Determinar el estado de la susceptibilidad al carbamato propoxur, a los organofosforados adulticidas malatión y fenitrotión y al larvicida temefos, de 13 poblaciones naturales de Ae. aegypti en ocho municipios: una de Bucaramanga y dos de Sabana de Torres en el departamento de Santander; dos de Girardot y dos de La Mesa en Cundinamarca; dos de Villavicencio y dos de Puerto López en el Meta; una de San José del Guaviare, en Guaviare, y una de Florencia en Caquetá. Materiales y métodos. Las pruebas de susceptibilidad consistieron en bioensayos estandarizados de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 1981, y botellas de los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1998. Se aplicaron pruebas colorimétricas para determinar los niveles de enzimas como posibles responsables de la reducción de la susceptibilidad a insecticidas organofosforados y al carbamato propoxur. Resultados. Todas las poblaciones presentaron susceptibilidad a malatión y propoxur. Para el temefos, solo cuatro de las trece localidades evaluadas registraron susceptibilidad. Con respecto a los posibles mecanismos de desintoxicación enzimática, en siete de las once poblaciones naturales se registraron valores superiores al punto de corte para esterasas inespecíficas, solamente en Bucaramanga se presentó un incremento en las enzimas monooxigenasas del citocromo P450, pero en ninguna población se registró acetilcolinestarasa modificada. Conclusiones. La susceptibilidad generalizada a los organofosforados adulticidas evaluados, indica que el malatión, el insecticida más utilizado en Colombia para interrumpir la transmisión del dengue, sigue siendo eficaz. Las particularidades de los resultados de la resistencia fisiológica a insecticidas de las comunas de un mismo municipio, evidenciaron un fenómeno localizado de manera específica en espacio y tiempo.Palabras clave: control de vectores, Aedes, dengue, resistencia a insecticidas, inse...
It appears that the P450 may play an important role in resistance to pyrethroids and DDT, still other resistance mechanisms may be acting in populations. Susceptibility to organophosphate allows continued use of this chemical group to interrupt transmission of dengue in Casanare.
In the wake of the Zika epidemic, there has been intensified interest in the surveillance and control of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, yet many existing surveillance systems could benefit from improvements. Vector control programs are often directed by national governments, but are carried out at the local level, resulting in the discounting of spatial heterogeneities in ecology and epidemiology. Furthermore, entomological and epidemiological data are often collected by separate governmental entities, which can slow vector control responses to outbreaks. Colombia has adopted several approaches to address these issues. First, a web-based, georeferenced Aedes surveillance system called SIVIEN AEDES was developed to allow field entomologists to record vector abundance and insecticide resistance data. Second, autocidal gravid oviposition (AGO) traps are deployed as an alternative way to measure vector abundance. Third, data collected by SIVIEN AEDES are used to develop mathematical models predicting Ae. aegypti abundance down to a city block, thus allowing public health authorities to target interventions to specific neighborhoods within cities. Finally, insecticide resistance is monitored through bioassays and molecular testing in 15 high-priority cities, providing a comprehensive basis to inform decisions about insecticide use in different regions. The next step will be to synchronize SIVIEN AEDES data together with epidemiological and climatic data to improve the understanding of the drivers of local variations in arbovirus transmission dynamics. By integrating these surveillance data, health authorities will be better equipped to develop tailored and timely solutions to control and prevent Aedes-borne arbovirus outbreaks.
Background: Triatomine bugs are responsible for the vectorial transmission of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease, a zoonosis affecting 10 million people and with 25 million at risk of infection. Several triatomine species of the genus Rhodnius have been found inhabiting palm crowns where insects can find shelter in leaves axils and blood from palm-associated vertebrates. Rhodnius prolixus insects have been collected in oil palms in Colombia, and high T. cruzi infection rates were found. Since pest control is carried out in oil palm plantations, continuous exposure to insecticides could be occurring in these triatomines. Some insecticides suggested for pest control in oil palm plantations are also recommended for triatomine control in human dwellings. In this study, our objective was to assess if triatomines inhabiting oil palms exhibit resistance to deltamethrin, an insecticide used for vector control. Methods: Rhodnius prolixus nymphs were sampled in oil palms located in Tauramena, Colombia. To determine deltamethrin resistance, biological and biochemical assays were carried out on fifth-instar nymphs from the F1 generation. For biological assays, pure and commercial deltamethrin were used, and in biochemical assays, activities of detoxifying enzymes related to pyrethroid resistance, such as oxidases, esterases and transferases, were quantified. Results: Deltamethrin lethal dosage 50 and 90 in R. prolixus from oil palms was significantly higher than in those from a susceptible colony suggesting possible deltamethrin resistance. Moreover, mortality with commercial deltamethrin was very low in insects from oil palms. In biochemical assays, the activity of evaluated detoxifying enzymes was significantly higher in R. prolixus from oil palms than in those from the susceptible colony. Conclusions: Possible deltamethrin resistance found in R. prolixus insects from oil palms could threaten traditional vector control strategies in urban settings if insecticide-resistant triatomines can migrate from oil palms plantations. In palm oil producer countries such as Colombia, the oil palm plantations are growing constantly during the last years. We suggest that pest control strategies in oil palm crops should include triatomine surveillance and toxicological monitoring, especially in zones with several Chagas disease cases.
La fiebre de dengue es endémica para el departamento del Atlántico; en 2007 se presentaron 3,104 casos. Para la prevención y control de esta enfermedad se ha usado el larvicida temefos. Sin embargo, se desconoce si la presión a la que han sido sometidas las poblaciones de Aedes aegypti con este insecticida ha generado resistencia. Se evaluó la susceptibilidad a temefos en larvas de A. aegypti en siete municipios y un corregimiento del departamento del Atlántico, entre el 2007 y el 2008. Se realizaron bioensayos utilizando la concentración diagnóstica para temefos (0,012 ppm) en larvas de tercer y cuarto estadio temprano de A. aegypti (F2) aplicando la metodología recomendada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se realizaron dos repeticiones, cada una con cuatro réplicas y un control. En dos localidades se registró susceptibilidad al temefos (mortalidad de 100%), en cuatro se requiere verificación para vigilancia (mortalidades entre 86% 93%) y en dos se presentó resistencia (mortalidad de 34% y 45%). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los porcentajes de mortalidad entre las poblaciones (Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.05). Es necesario monitorear las poblaciones de este vector en el departamento del Atlántico con el fin de generar la línea base de susceptibilidad que permita implementar estrategias preventivas y métodos alternativos de control pertinentes a cada localidad para disminuir la presión de selección a la que están sometidas las larvas por la aplicación de este larvicida.
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