Background: Dental caries remains a public health threat of concern among children. About 2.3 billion people are affected by dental caries, of which 530 million are children globally. Objective: This study was carried out to identify sugar fermenting bacteria in the oral cavity and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, assess the association with sugar fermenter bacteria and dental caries and evaluate dental caries outcomes among children. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted between October 2021 and February 2022 at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital. About 136 oral swab samples were collected from children with and without dental caries at 1:1 ratio. The samples were put in Stuart sterile container and transported to INES-clinical microbiology laboratory for microbial identification. Logistic regression analysis of demographic characteristics was performed to study the relationship between demographic variables and dental caries. Chi-square test was performed for the association between variables. Results: About 67.6% were male, while children of age 7–9 years (64.7%) dominated the age groups. Lactobacilli spp (15.29%) and Streptococcus mutans (12.94%) were the most predominant microorganisms observed in the oral cavity among children with dental caries. The S. mutans (x 2 = 27.03, P < 0.00001, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.2901–0.5785), S. aureus (x 2 = 34.59, P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 0.3541–0.6292), Enterobacter aerogenes (x 2 = 13.5, P = 0.000239, 95% CI = 0.151–0.4622), Serratia marcescens (x 2 = 11.64, P = 0.00645, 95% CI = 0.1275–0.4418) and Klebsiella pneumonia (x 2 = 13.51, P = 0.000237, 95% CI = 0.1511–0.4623) were significantly associated with dental caries. Teeth loss (x 2 = 51.04, P < 0.00001, 95% CI = 0.4757–0.7205), teeth pain (x 2 = 5.05, P = 0.0246, 95% CI = 0.0249–0.33499), and infection (x 2 = 4.73, P = 0.02964, 95% CI = 0.0186–0.3441) were dental outcomes associated with tooth decay. Ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, and amoxicillin were the most sensitive antibiotics, while vancomycin and chloramphenicol were the most resistant. Conclusion: Sugar consumption favours the growth of sugar fermenter bacteria that cause dental caries among children. Dental caries is associated with adverse oral health outcomes among children. Oral health education is recommended for children. Parents are advised to reduce the consumption of sugary food for their children for oral health safety.

Background: Dental disease remains a public health concern of this era. In 2020, World Health Organization reported that 3.5 billion of oral disease occurs every year. About 2.3 billion case is attributed to dental caries while gum disease affects 10% of the global population. Methods: This was a case control study carried out from November 2020 to February 2021. About 120 participants were recruited, of them, 60 were oral diseased, while the remaining 60 were selected as a control group. Oral swab samples were collected with the swab stick, and put into plastic sterile container to avoid external microbial contamination. Samples were transported to INES clinical microbiology laboratory for microbial identification. chi square was performed to test for association, while odd ratios and relative risk were performed to test for pathogenic microbial fraction. Results: The common oral diseases were tooth decay (56.6%) and gum disease (43.4%). the most affected age range was 5-19years (53.33%), while females (63.3%) were the most affected sex. The most isolated microorganism was Lactobacillus spp (15.8%) for patients, while Staphylococcus aureus (11.2%) was the most isolate in the control group. The statistical significant association with oral microbial alteration and oral disease was observed on Streptococcus mutans (x2 =8.9, P= 0.002852), Lactobacillus spp (x2 =9.84, P=0.001708), Candida spp (x2 =5.2, P=0.02258), Staphylococcus aureus (x2 = 15.6, P= 0.000078), and Providencia spp (x2 = 6, P=0.014306). The overall oral microbial alteration (x2 =53, P< 0.00001) was statistically significant. The ratio of pathogenic microorganisms (OR=4, 95%CI:2.3786-7.062 and RR=1.477, 95%CI:1.2478-1.7153) was significantly associated with oral disease. Conclusion: Oral microbial alteration contributes to oral disease. Early detection of oral microbial alteration, and oral diseases are recommended.

Background: Urinary tract Infections (UTIs) are the common infections during pregnancy. About 150 million UTIs occur every year globally, and 30% is attributed to pregnant women. Aims and Objective: The study was carried out to observe the association with vaginal microbial community imbalance and urinary tract infections among pregnant women. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 pregnant women were recruited. Of the 80 women, 40 were pregnant with UTI, and the remaining 40 were women without UTI. About 80 vaginal swab samples were collected and transported to INES clinical microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis. Laboratory techniques including culture, gram stain, and biochemical tests were performed. ANOVA-2 was used for comparison, while chi square (χ2) was used to test for association. Results: E. coli was predominant among women with UTIs while Lactobacilli predominated among women without UTIs. There was a statistical significance association with vaginal microbial community imbalance and urinary tract infection among pregnant women to Escherichia coli (χ2=9.97, p=0.0015), Staphylococcus epidermidis (χ2=5.12, p=0.023), Proteus spp (χ2=4.96, P=0.025), Citrobacter spp (χ2=32.51, P<0.00001), Streptococcus pyogenes (χ2=5.11, P=0.023), Staphylococcus sapropyticus (χ2=4.3, p=0.038) and Lactobacilli species (χ2=13.7, p=0.00021). The overall association (χ2=94.879, p<0.00001) with all isolated microorganisms and urinary tract infections was statistically significant. The odd ratio of pathogenic microorganisms to non-pathogenic was OR=4.98>1. For ANOVA-2, there was a higher microbial variation or differences among women with UTIs (F=7.241842) compared to women without UTIs (F= 4.71 ) in pregnancy trimesters. Conclusion: Pregnancy is associated with vaginal microbial community imbalances which predispose women to urinary tract infections. Pregnant women should seek for medical assistance during pregnancy for early detection of urinary tract infections.

Background: Nyiragongo Volcano erupted, and disturbed preventive measures taken by Rwanda to curb the pressure of COVID-19 pandemic transmission. About 232,433 Congolese left their home, and of them, more than 8000 people crossed the border to Rwanda, which disturbed COVID-19 pandemic preventive measures. Objective: This study sought to find out whether the rise in Covid-19 in Rwanda was caused by volcanic eruption in either the exposed area of Rubavu district due to suddenly unpredicted eruption or spread throughout some neighboring areas via Kigali due to the earthquakes. Both Mathematical model and a sequential mathematical preliminary were used. Methods: A sequential mathematical preliminary of Covid-19 was considered to check how it spreads within a large number of population. The model diagram was proposed with four compartmental model. The nonlinear dynamical system was derived from the model. The model was checked for positivity and boundedness in a system. The basic reproduction number was computed using the next generation Matrix. Results: We found that COVID-19 pandemic was positively invariant in a system. The transmission rate was observed with 〖(R〗_0= 25.51). The transmission rate was great than what was determined before the eruption of Nyiragongo Volcano (Ro=3). Since R_0= 25.51 the disease is high in the system. As of the study based, the results finally showed that the rise in Covid-19 in Rwanda was caused by volcanic eruption. Preventive measures should be reinforced by providing a place where people should be kept in case of natural disasters and wars in neighboring countries.

Background: Preterm birth is a global public health threat for maternal and child health. Each year, 15 million neonates are born preterm worldwide, with 40% resulting from intrauterine infections. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and case–control study was conducted from October to February 2019 at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital. A total of 120 swab samples were collected from 40 women, of which 20 were full-term delivery, while the other 20 were preterm delivery. The three samples, including the placental membranes, amniotic fluids, and fetal membranes, were collected immediately after birth. A sterile cotton swab was used to collect the samples and put into swab Stuart sterile plastic container to avoid sample contamination. Samples were transported in a tightly covered carrier to the clinical microbiology laboratory at INES Ruhengeri for microbiological investigation. Gram staining, culture, and biochemical tests were performed. The independent t-test was used to test for significant differences between the means of the two groups, while the Chi-square test (χ2) was used to test for significant association with microorganisms and intra-amniotic infections. Results: A half of the participants were in the age range of 24–29 years. Non-albicans candida (32.7%) and mold (27.9%) were the predominant microorganisms isolated. Non-albicans candida and mold were common to preterm and full-term samples. Staphylococcus species were observed in placental and fetal membrane samples. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Streptococcus species, and Candida albicans were observed among women with preterm birth samples. There was a statistically significant difference between the two means in the amniotic fluid isolates (t = 4.023, P < 0.007), placental membrane isolates (t = 7.17, P < 0.0004), and fetal membrane isolates (t = 6.7, P < 0.0006). Association with microorganisms and intra-amniotic infection was statistically significant with E. coli (χ2 = 3.98, P < 0.05), Streptococcus species (χ2 = 5.53, P < 0.019), non-albicans candida (χ2 = 8.37, P < 0.004), and C. albicans (χ2 = 3.98, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Invasion of the amniotic fluid, placenta, and fetal membranes by pathogenic microorganisms may be associated with the incidence of preterm labor and birth. Early diagnosis is recommended to avoid both maternal and fetal complications.